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. 2013 Feb 27;9(5):697–713. doi: 10.4161/auto.23960

Table 1. Quantitative metabolic profile of untreated (control) and silibinin-treated (100 μM for 4 h) SW480 cells after incubation with [1-13C] glucose by high-resolution multinuclear NMR spectroscopya.

    Control Silibinin
Glucose metabolism
 1-13C glucose uptake, µmol/L/g: 4 h
 806 ± 151
 639 ± 120†
1-13C glucose uptake, µmol/L/g: 24 h
 961±147
 783 ± 41†
1-13C glucose uptake, µmol/L/g: 48 h
 803 ± 00
 476 ± 300†
3-13C lactate export, µmol/L/g: 4 h
 168 ± 19
 161 ± 22‡
3-13C lactate export, µmol/L/g: 24 h
 205 ± 99
 293 ± 32§
3-13C lactate export, µmol/L/g: 48 h
 119 ± 00
 451 ± 231§
1-13C glucose intracellular
 2.02 ± 0.14
 0.90 ± 0.26***,†
Total lactate intracellular
 4.66 ± 0.52
 5.03 ± 0.61§
3-13C lactate
 0.64 ± 0.10
 0.88 ± 0.19*,§
13C glycolysis
 0.99 ± 0.10
 1.18 ± 0.23§
2,3,4-13C glutamate
 2.00 ± 0.61
 1.21 ± 0.32**,†
13C krebs cycle
 3.69 ± 0.37
 1.34 ± 0.46***,†
Amino acidmetabolism
 Aromatic amino acids
 22.96 ± 1.58
 24.69 ± 2.41‡
Aspartate
 2.02 ± 0.14
 2.06 ± 0.22q‡
Methionine
 4.70 ± 0.39
 4.81 ± 0.55‡
Glutamine
 4.04 ± 0.18
 4.28 ± 0.50‡
Glutamate
 12.18 ± 1.05
 10.39 ± 1.06**,†
Succinate
 0.62 ± 0.08
 1.09 ± 0.22***,§
Pyruvate
 0.53 ± 0.08
 0.75 ± 0.16**,§
Lysine, arginine
 1.37 ± 0.43
 1.18 ± 0.31‡
Alanine
 1.51 ± 0.34
 1.64 ± 0.25‡
Valine, leucine, isoleucine
 12.37 ± 1.37
 16.10 ± 2.62**,§
Osmo, ROS, ketones
 Acetate
 0.37 ± 0.08
 0.28 ± 0.10‡
Total glutathione
 3.25 ± 0.26
 3.18 ± 0.27‡
Reduced glutathione (GSH)
 1.49 ± 0.25
 1.23 ± 0.21‡
Taurine
 4.03 ± 0.93
 4.08 ± 1.01‡
Myo-inositol
 2.86 ± 0.26
 2.92 ± 0.17‡
Total polyols and sugars
 101.17 ± 7.46
 97.34 ± 8.6‡
Sugar phosphates (UDPG)
 2.30 ± 0.52
 1.51 ± 0.16**,†
Energymetabolism
 Nucleotides
 6.33 ± 0.95
 3.02 ± 1.06***,†
Adenosines
 7.26 ± 0.72
 7.13 ± 0.72‡
Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)
 7.01 ± 0.42
 6.48 ± 0.40*,†
Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)
 1.45 ± 0.20
 1.75 ± 0.20*,§
Energy balance [NTP/ NDP]
 4.92 ± 0.86
 3.78 ± 0.53**,†
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
 2.65 ± 0.25
 2.86 ± 0.46‡
Total creatine
 3.88 ± 0.57
 3.82 ± 0.23‡
MembraneP-lipids Total choline
 12.11 ± 0.87
 9.05 ± 1.70***,†
Phosphocholine (PCho)
 5.27 ± 0.95
 3.18 ± 0.94**,†
Phosphomonoesters (PME)
 10.67 ± 1.20
 7.05 ± 1.15‡
Glycerophosphocholine (GPC)
 5.78 ± 1.54
 5.27 ± 0.65‡
Phosphodiesters (PDE)
 7.78 ± 1.31
 7.16 ± 0.77‡
[PCho/GPC]
 1.01 ± 0.40
 0.61 ± 0.15*,†
[PME/PDE] 1.41 ± 0.31 1.03 ± 0.29‡

a,‡Metabolic pathways which were undisturbed by silibinin treatment. †A decrease in metabolic end-point; §An increase in metabolic end-point based on metabolic pathway analysis. All concentrations are given in μmol per g cells and presented as mean ±S.D. (n = 4 for each group). Statistical significance: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.03; ***p < 0.001.