Table 2.

Infant-related risk factors for later diagnosis of personality disorder: individuals with personality disorder (PD) compared with FPE and general population controls

Risk factor	Individuals with PD, n (%)	FPE controls, n (%)	Adjusted OR for PD compared with FPE controls (95% CI)*	General population controls, n (%)	Adjusted OR for PD compared with general population controls (95% CI)**
Immaturity, NOS	22 (14.7%)	5 (5.2%)	3.1 (1.2–8.8)	71 (4.8%)	3.4 (2.1–5.7)
Birth weight, g
<2500	15 (10.2%)	3 (3.1%)	2.6 (0.7–9.6)	49 (3.3%)	3.3 (1.8–6.1)
Asphyxia, anoxia	17 (11.3%)	7 (7.2%)	1.5 (0.6–3.8)	76 (5.1%)	2.4 (1.4–4.1)
Small for gestational age	13 (8.8%)	8 (8.2%)	1.1 (0.4–2.7)	54 (3.7%)	2.5 (1.3–4.7)
Small head circumference	39 (26.7%)	16 (16.7%)	1.8 (0.9–3.5)	277 (18.8%)	1.6 (1.1 – 2.3)
Neonatal jaundice	3 (2.0%)	1 (1.0%)	2.0 (0.2–20.5)	7 (0.5%)	4.3 (1.1–16.9)
Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes	4 (3.8%)	4 (5.1%)	0.7 (0.2–3.0)	17 (1.5%)	2.4 (0.7–7.8)
Perinatal trauma	8 (5.3%)	6 (6.2%)	0.9 (0.3–2.5)	50 (3.4%)	1.6 (0.7–3.7)

^*Adjusted by gender of infant.

^**Cases and controls were matched by gender and year of birth.