Table 3.

Pregnancy-related risk factors for later diagnosis of personality disorder: individuals with personality disorder (PD) compared with FPE and general population controls

Risk factor	Individuals with PD, n (%)	FPE controls, n (%)	Adjusted OR for PD compared with FPE controls (95% CI)*	General population controls, n (%)	Adjusted OR for PD compared with general population controls (95% CI)**
Maternal age <20 years	21 (14.0%)	16 (16.5%)	1.2 (0.6–2.5)	99 (6.7%)	2.4 (1.4–3.9)
Premature delivery	17 (11.3%)	4 (4.1%)	3.3 (1.1–10.2)	70 (4.7%)	2.6 (1.5–4.5)
Maternal parity
3 and more	40 (26.7%)	19 (19.6%)	1.5 (0.8 – 2.9)	271 (18.1%)	1.7 (1.1–2.4)
Delivery method
Complications at delivery	46 (30.7%)	23 (23.7%)	1.4 (0.8–4.4)	346(23.4%)a	1.5 (1.0–2.1)
Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia	16 (10.7%)	14 (14.4%)	0.7 (0.3–1.5)	97 (6.5%)	1.7 (1.0–3.0)
Premature rupture of membranes	17 (11.3%)	8 (8.2%)	1.4 (0.6 –3.3)	117 (7.9%)	1.5 (0.9–2.6)
Antepartum haemorrhage	4 (2.7%)	1 (1.0%)	2.8 (0.4–25.6)	17 (1.1%)	2.4 (0.8–7.1)

^*Adjusted by gender.

^**Cases and controls were matched by gender and year of birth.

^adata missing for 111 individuals.