Table 2.
Incidence of Psychosocial Risk Factors among LR-PUPS Intervention Recipients
| Psychosocial Risk Factor | All intervention participants (n=83) | High income†/non-minority‡ participants (n=9) | Low income† OR underrepresented minority‡ participants (n=18) | Low income† AND underrepresented minority‡ participants (n=56) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| • High pressure ulcer risk | 36 (43.4%) | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (33.3%) | 27 (48.2%) |
| • Drug/alcohol abuse or dependence | 27 (32.5%) | 3 (33.3%) | 5 (27.8%) | 19 (33.9%) |
| • Gang affiliation | 13 (15.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (16.7%) | 10 (17.9%) |
| • Unstable housing or homelessness | 14 (16.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (11.1%) | 12 (21.4%) |
| • Involved in illegal activity (excluding drug possession for personal use) | 26 (31.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (27.8%) | 21 (37.5%) |
| • Incarceration or involvement in criminal justice system | 16 (19.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (22.2%) | 12 (21.4%) |
| • Not eligible for health and social service programs* | 15 (18.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (11.1%) | 13 (23.2%) |
| • Etiology of injury due to interpersonal violence (e.g. gunshot wound) | 44 (53.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 8 (44.4%) | 35 (62.5%) |
High income defined as household income ≥$2000 per month or not stated; low income defined as household income <$2000 per month.
Underrepresented minorities include all participants who either report their ethnicity as Hispanic or Latino or their race as Black/African American. Non-underrepresented minorities include those who report their ethnicity as Not Hispanic or Latino and report their race as White, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
We do not inquire about participants’ immigration status, but failure to qualify for MediCal (California’s Medicaid program), Medicare, or social service programs such as food stamps, when one otherwise meets eligibility criteria, may indicate undocumented status.
• High pressure ulcer risk: Two or more medically serious (stage III or IV) pressure ulcers within the past two years, or a current stage III pressure ulcer.
• Drug/alcohol abuse/dependence: Current or former abuse or dependence on alcohol, illegal drugs, or inappropriate use of prescription drugs. Excludes recreational drug use with no evidence of addiction.
• Gang affiliation: Past or current involvement in gang activity; whether confirmed by participant or by caregiver/family member.
• Unstable housing/homelessness: Not having permanent housing; “couch surfing” or staying with friends; having “permanent” residence but spending most nights elsewhere because of problems at home.
• Illegal activity: Past or current involvement in illegal activities such as selling drugs, assault, weapons charges, robbery, etc. Excludes drug possession for personal use (without intention to sell).
• Incarceration/criminal justice involvement: History of being in jail, prison, or juvenile facility, and/or having been on probation.
• Ineligible for health/social services: Person does not qualify for medical benefits and social services normally extended to legal U.S. residents meeting eligibility criteria.
• Violent etiology of SCI: SCI caused by violence, such as gunshot wound, stab wound, or result of altercation (e.g. car accident while being chased by someone). Excludes general high-risk behavior (e.g. car accident due to drunk driving) in absence of interpersonal violence.