Table 2. Characteristics of variables.

Variables	Birthsb	% Birthsc	Neonatal deaths	% Neonatal deathsd
Community characteristics
Region
Central	52537	29.8	1216	2.30
North	10736	15.2	129	1.20
East	56965	23.1	1003	1.80
North-East	21141	12.6	229	1.10
West	13756	9.4	134	1.00
South	16394	9.9	218	1.30
Accessibility by an all-weather road
No	26208	15.1	434	1.63
Yes	144764	84.9	2491	1.70
Distance to the nearest private health facility
Within 1 km	31,540	18.6	504	1.59
1–5 km	19,128	11.1	324	1.67
>5 km	120,204	70.3	2,097	1.72
Distance to the nearest public health facility
Within 1 km	31,136	18.3	484	1.54
1–5 km	2,438	1.4	27	1.09
>5 km	137,329	80.3	2,413	1.73
ANM/ASHA available/visiting the village
No	142530	83.0	2480	1.72
Yes	28442	17.0	445	1.54
JSY implemented in the village
No	138795	81.18	2419	1.72
Yes	32167	18.82	506	1.55
Individual/socio-economic characteristics
Mother’s education
Illiterate	85924	49.3	1710	1.97
Primary	26512	15.6	458	1.70
Secondary	54422	32.4	728	1.32
>Secondary	4663	2.8	33	0.69
Father’s education
Illiterate	47758	27.5	991	2.05
Primary	29087	17.0	548	1.86
Secondary	83091	48.7	1260	1.49
>Secondary	11585	6.8	130	1.09
Asset index
Poor	60496	34.8	1253	2.05
Middle	56268	32.9	962	1.68
Rich	54724	32.4	714	1.29
Religion
Hindu	131729	76.5	2355	1.76
Muslim	21936	12.6	376	1.71
Others	17852	10.9	198	1.09
Caste/Tribe
Scheduled Castes	33069	19.5	676	2.02
Scheduled Tribes	34631	21.2	469	1.32
Other Backward Castes	67595	39.6	1267	1.86
General	32937	19.7	461	1.39
Employment of the mother a
1	95210	55.4	1490	1.91
2	9943	5.8	156	1.54
3	66166	38.7	1280	1.54
Household environment
Improved source of water
No	56415	33.0	804	1.40
Yes	115106	67.0	2125	1.82
Improved toilet facility
No	125912	72.9	2409	1.89
Yes	45606	27.1	520	1.13
House type
Kaccha	140470	81.8	2543	1.78
Pucca	31050	18.2	386	1.23
Electricity
No	79810	45.3	1639	2.04
Yes	91711	54.7	1290	1.39
Proximate determinants
Mother’s age at birth
<20	21972	12.8	538	2.42
20–24	68773	40.3	1159	1.66
25–29	48555	28.3	674	1.36
>30	32221	18.6	558	1.71
Sex of the child
Girls	79437	46.3	1223	1.52
Boys	92070	53.7	1699	1.82
Tetanus Toxoid injection
1	54765	31.6	1086	1.96
0	10750	6.5	241	2.17
2 or more	105343	61.9	1592	1.49
Iron and Folic Acid tablets/syrup
No	81154	47.4	1396	1.69
Yes	90302	52.6	1533	1.67
Birth order of the child
1	52975	30.1	1135	2.10
2	44187	18.5	616	1.37
3	29064	8.8	392	1.33
4 and above	45250	42.6	780	1.70
Delivery complications
No	63862	37.8	926	1.42
Yes	107659	62.2	2003	1.84
Place of delivery and SBA
Home	98407	56.7	1654	1.66
Home + SBA	9754	5.7	146	1.47
Health Facility	63287	37.6	1127	1.75
Time and frequency of ANC visits
No Visit	51491	30.1	1027	1.97
First trimester + ≥ 4 visits	33231	20.4	424	1.26
First trimester + < 4 visits	30683	18.1	493	1.59
Second or third semester visits	53038	31.3	948	1.77
Total	171456	100.0	2929	1.69

Notes.

ANM/ASHA = Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife/Accredited Social Health Worker; SBA = Skilled Birth Attendance; ANC = Antenatal Care; JSY = Janani Suraksha Yojana (Mother Protection Scheme).

^aEmployment of the mother: 1 = Agricultural worker/farmer/labourer, 2 = Unemployed, 3 = Professional/service/production worker.

^bSome variables had missing cases.

^cThe percentage of birth is calculated using total number of births i.e. the sample of this study (171456).

^dThe percentage of deaths is the percentage of neonatal deaths out of total number of births in the subgroup. For example – the per cent deaths for Central region (2.30) comes from dividing ‘Neonatal deaths’ (1216) with ‘Births’ (52537) in the Central region.