Table 3.

Odds ratios from multi-level event-history models and predicting (A) formal and (B) informal business formation and (C) multinomial models predicting formal vs. informal business initiation

	A. Formal vs. No Business		B. Informal vs. No Business		C. Formal vs. Informal Business
Household Characteristics	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	C. Formal vs. Informal Business

U.S. Migration Experience (REF = Head with No Current/Recent U.S. Migration Experience)
Head Returned From U.S.	1.22	-	1.54 ^***	-	0.79
Head in U.S.	^a	-	0.74	-	^a
Cumulative Migration Experience	-	1.02	-	1.02 ^*
Years Since Return	-	1.01	-	1.01 ^*
Business Properties Owned	8.63 ^***	8.74 ^***	3.14 ^**	3.22 ^**	3.00 ^*
Other Non-Residential Properties	1.43	1.43	1.22	1.22	1.18
Residential Properties Owned	1.08	1.08	1.04	1.06	1.02
Other Residential Properties	2.41 ^***	2.41	1.32 ^†	1.30 ^†	1.81 ^*
Average Household Schooling	1.21 ^***	1.21 ^***	1.06 ^***	1.05 ^***	1.14 ^***
Age of Household Head	0.97 ^***	0.97 ^***	0.99 ^***	0.99 ^***	0.98 ^†
At Least One Child in Age Group
Children ages 0–4	0.73	0.73	0.90	0.90 ^†	0.84
Children ages 5–12	1.02	1.02	0.93	0.93	1.12
Children ages 13–17	1.45 ^†	1.46 ^†	1.03	1.04	1.41
Community and Municipality Level Characteristics
Migration Prevalence Ratio (%)	1.02	1.02	1.02 ^*	1.02 ^**	1.01
Female LF Participation Rate (%)	0.97	0.97	1.06 ^***	1.06 ^***	0.94 ^***
Pct. Self-Employed in Municipality¹	0.98	0.98	1.01	1.01	0.97 ^†
Percent Employer in Municipality¹	1.17	1.17	0.78 ^***	0.77 ^***	1.41 ^***
Community Size (REF = Metropolitan Area)
Smaller Urban Area	0.56	0.56	1.56 ^*	1.60 ^*	0.39 ^*
Town	1.07	1.07	1.38	1.40	0.93
Regions (REF = Historical)
Border	0.44 ^**	0.43 ^**	0.88	0.86	0.52 ^*
Central	0.80	1.25	1.36 ^†	1.36 ^*	0.62
Southeast	0.63	0.63	0.89	0.87	0.73
Model Evaluation
Events	124		1,055		1,179
Household-years	94,815				94,815
Log-likelihood	−867.9	−867.8	−5,638.8	−5,648.1	−6,665.5
Median Odds Ratio	1.84 ²	1.84 ²	2.02 ²	2.02 ²	-

^†

p < 0.1

p <0.05

^**

p <0.01

^***

p < 0.001

Sources: Household data are from Mexican Migration Project; community-level data are from 1980, 1990, and 2000 Mexican Population and Housing Census (provided by MMP in COMMUN file).

Percent pertains to occupied economically active population

Calculated against null model.

Coefficient not identifiable: no formal business ventures were formed with household heads in the United States.