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. 2013 May 27;14:69. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-69

Table 4.

Frequency distribution of respondents by stress status and socio-demographic characteristics and other selected variables

Variables Stress symptoms
 P cOR 95% CI
No (n) † (%) Yes (n) ‡ (%) Lower Upper
Age (Years)
  
  
  
  
 0.336
  
  
  
30 – 39*
 133
 84.2
 25
 15.8
 -
 -
 -
 -
40 - 49
 408
 88.5
 53
 11.5
 0.159
 0.691
 0.413
 1.156
50 - 59
 784
 88.2
 105
 11.8
 0.160
 0.713
 0.444
 1.144
60 – 69
 627
 86.1
 101
 13.9
 0.525
 0.857
 0.532
 1.380
70 - 79
 214
 89.9
 24
 10.1
 0.092
 0.597
 0.327
 1.088
≥ 80
 28
 82.4
 6
 17.6
 0.793
 1.140
 0.428
 3.037
Sex
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Male*
 870
 89.2
 105
 10.8
 -
 -
 -
 -
Female
 1324
 86.4
 209
 13.6
 0.035
 1.31
 1.02
 1.68
Ethnicity
  
  
  
  
 0.077
  
  
  
Malay*
 1135
 88.5
 147
 11.5
 -
 -
 -
 -
Chinese
 387
 88.4
 51
 11.6
 0.920
 1.02
 0.73
 1.43
Asian Indian
 671
 85.3
 116
 14.7
 0.030
 1.34
 1.03
 1.73
Educational Level
  
  
  
  
 0.219
  
  
  
None
 253
 88.8
 32
 11.2
 0.484
 1.211
 0.709
 2.068
Primary education
 824
 87.5
 118
 12.5
 0.155
 1.371
 0.888
 2.116
Secondary education
 849
 86.2
 136
 13.8
 0.051
 1.533
 0.998
 2.355
Tertiary education*
 268
 90.5
 28
 9.5
 -
 -
 -
 -
Monthly household income (MHI) in Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
  
  
  
  
 0.088
  
  
  
< 1,000
 600
 85.2
 104
 14.8
 0.051
 1.419
 1.00
 2.02
1,000 -< 3,000
 1152
 88.1
 156
 11.9
 0.539
 1.108
 0.80
 1.54
≥ 3,000*
 442
 89.1
 54
 10.9
 -
 -
 -
 -
Marital Status
  
  
  
  
 0.573
  
  
  
Never married
 62
 87.3
 9
 12.7
 0.906
 1.04
 0.51
 2.13
Divorced/widowed/separated
 1798
 87.8
 250
 12.2
 0.292
 1.18
 0.87
 1.62
Married *
 334
 85.9
 55
 14.1
 -
 -
 -
 -
Current Job Status
  
  
  
  
 0.152
  
  
  
Unemployed
 436
 85.0
 77
 15.0
 0.043
 1.40
 1.01
 1.93
Housewives
 679
 86.9
 102
 13.1
 0.258
 1.19
 0.88
 1.60
Retired
 328
 89.1
 40
 10.9
 0.855
 0.96
 0.65
 1.43
Employed*
 751
 88.8
 95
 11.2
 -
 -
 -
 -
BMI (kg/m2)
  
  
  
  
 0.440
  
  
  
< 25.0*
 676
 86.8
 103
 13.2
 -
 -
 -
 -
≥ 25.0
 915
 88.5
 119
 11.5
 0.271
 0.85
 0.64
 1.13
≥ 30.0
 603
 86.8
 92
 13.2
 0.993
 1.00
 0.74
 1.35
Abdominal Obesity
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 475
 88.0
 65
 12.0
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 1719
 87.3
 249
 12.7
 0.70
 1.06
 0.79
 1.42
Sr. Cholesterol level (mmol/l)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
<5.2*
 1545
 87.4
 222
 12.6
 -
 -
 -
 -
≥ 5.2
 649
 87.6
 92
 12.4
 0.919
 0.99
 0.76
 1.28
HbA1c level (%)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
≤8.5*
 1376
 89.5
 161
 10.5
 -
 -
 -
 -
>8.5
 817
 84.2
 153
 15.8
 0.000
 1.60
 1.26
 2.03
Duration of Diabetes (years)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
< 2
 182
 88.3
 24
 11.7
 -
 -
 -
 -
≥ 2*
 2012
 87.4
 290
 12.6
 0.694
 0.915
 0.59
 1.43
Co-morbidity
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 477
 90.0
 53
 10.0
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 1717
 86.8
 261
 13.2
 0.049
 1.37
 1.00
 1.87
Psychiatric illness in family
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 2179
 87.7
 305
 12.3
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 15
 62.5
 9
 37.5
 0.001
 4.28
 1.86
 9.88
Diabetes in family
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 594
 89.9
 67
 10.1
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 1600
 86.6
 247
 13.4
 0.031
 1.37
 1.04
 1.82
Life events within the past 6 months
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 1227
 89.4
 146
 10.6
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 967
 85.2
 168
 14.8
 0.002
 1.46
 1.15
 1.85
Smoking status
  
  
  
  
 0.836
  
  
  
Non smoker*
 1824
 87.3
 265
 12.7
 -
 -
 -
 -
Former smoker
 142
 88.8
 18
 11.2
 0.743
 0.94
 0.63
 1.39
Current smoker
 228
 88.0
 31
 12.0
 0.598
 0.87
 0.53
 1.45
Current drinker
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
No*
 2119
 87.8
 295
 12.2
 -
 -
 -
 -
Yes
 75
 79.8
 19
 20.2
 0.023
 1.82
 1.08
 3.05
Leisure-time physical activity level
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Active*
 1112
 87.1
 164
 12.9
 -
 -
 -
 -
Inactive 1082 87.8 150 12.2 0.608 0.94 0.74 1.19

cOR –Crude odds ratio.

*- Reference group.

† - Scores of 0–14 (normal).

‡ − Scores of ≥ 15 (mild, moderate, severe, extremely severe).