Figure 3.

A revised version of Berkowska and Dalla Bella's, Dalla Bella, and colleagues' (2009, 2011) vocal sensorimotor loop model for singing, updated with findings from Zarate and colleagues (2008, 2010b) fMRI studies. The covert pathway for pitch production (blue arrow) includes auditory cortex and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), while the overt pathway for vocal pitch production (red arrows) is comprised of auditory cortex (STG/STS), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), anterior insula (aINS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). Brain regions that are not visible normally from this lateral brain view are indicated in boxes outlined with dashes. Box colors are retained from Figure 1: light orange for auditory processing, green for vocal motor control, purple for multimodal processing.