Table 1. Demographic and clinical details of heroin users and healthy controls.
| Heroin users (n=33) | Controls (n=30) | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Mean |
s.d. |
Mean |
s.d. |
T |
P-value |
| Age (years) | 35.1 | 4.0 | 33.1 | 9.9 | −1.05 | NS |
| Body mass index | 22.1 | 2.0 | 23.3 | 3.1 | 1.75 | NS |
| Years of educationa | 8.5 | 1.8 | 11.5 | 2.9 | 5.02 | <0.001 |
| Estimated intelligence (RPM)b | 43.5 | 7.6 | 46.2 | 8.8 | 1.32 | NS |
| HADS anxiety | 14.4 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 3.3 | −10.4 | <0.001 |
| HADS depression | 14.1 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 3.0 | −14.5 | <0.001 |
| Smokers | 33/33 | 8/30 | ||||
| Cigarette per dayc | 18.5 | 4.8 | 1.6 | 3.5 | ||
| Drinkers | 24/33 | 3/30 | ||||
| Drink per dayc | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.2 | ||
| Duration of previous heroin use (months) | 67.0 | 65.2 | ||||
| Duration of abstinence (months) | 12.1 | 9.8 | ||||
| Route of administration | 26 Injection | |||||
| 4 Smoke | ||||||
| 3 Oral | ||||||
Abbreviations: HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, NS=nonsignificant, P=associated P-value, RPM=Raven progressive matrices, t=t-statistics.
All participants were males and right-handed.
a
Starting from primary school and excluding latest incomplete year.
b
Based on raw score with maximum of 60.
c
Calculated as the mean from those who smoke/drink.