Table 3.

ALD interventions by targeting inflammation

Target	Outcome in animal models	Outcome in human patients
General inflammation	N/A	Corticosteriods (inhibitor of cytokine production) improved the short term survival of severe AH patients; but not recommended for less severe AH patients due to increased infection;	(74, 75)
		Pentoxifylline (inhibitor of TNFα synthesis and has vasoactivity) improved the short term survival of AH patients;	(66) and references within
TNFα	Anti-TNFα antibody reduced liver pathology in mice	Anti-TNFα antibody increased AH patients’ short term mortality by infections	(10)
ROS	Antioxidant N-acetal cysteine (NAC) reduced liver cell injury and inflammatory conditions	Antioxidant cocktail (alone or with corticosteroid) showed no benefit;	(22, 146)
	S-adenosyl-L-methionine (restoring alcohol depleted anti-oxidant gluthione) in alcohol-fed baboons attenuate liver injury	S-adenosyl-L-methionine supplement improved mortality in AH patients (after excluding patients with the most severe class Child C)	(64, 76)
Microflora product	Probiotic (Lactobacillus) significantly reduced liver pathology and circulating LPS; Lactobacillus GG ameliorates alcohol-induced gut leakiness and liver injury; Non-absorbable antibiotics reduced liver injury	Probiotics: 1) reduced liver injury in alcoholics with pycholoysis; 2) improved neutrophil phagocytic capacity and ex vivo LPS stimulated cytokine production from whole blood from patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis. Non-absorbable antibiotics moderately improve ALD patients with encephalopathy	(2, 52, 88, 117)
STAT3	Exogenous IL22 reduced liver fat accumulation and injury	N/D	(51)
Adiponectin	Exogenous adiponection reduced liver fat, inflammation, and injury	N/D	(137)