Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Women by Frailty Status, WHAS II

	All (n = 73)*	Nonfrail (n = 17)*	Prefrail (n = 47)*	Frail (n = 9)*	p Value†
Age (years)	86.7 ± 0.3	86.7 ± 0.7	86.8 ± 0.4	86.2 ± 0.5	.64
White (%)	84.9	82.4	87.2	77.8	.78
Education (years)	13.1 ± 0.3	13.5 ± 0.8	13.1 ± 0.4	12.4 ± 0.6	.56
BMI (kg/m2)	26.4 ± 0.6	24.5 ± 0.6	26.7 ± 0.8	28.4 ± 1.6	.01
Osteoarthritis (%)	42.5	23.5	44.7	66.7	.08
CHD (%)	28.8	11.8	31.9	44.4	.09
Hypertension (%)	48.0	47.1	42.6	77.8	.10
Cancer (%)	26.0	35.3	19.2	44.4	.24
COPD (%)	31.5	35.3	27.7	44.4	.61
Glucose (mg/dL)
Fasting	96.5 ± 1.7	96.4 ± 3.4	94.9 ± 1.9	101.6 ± 6.5	.60
30 min	155.9 ± 3.6	162.7 ± 7.8	151.0 ± 3.7	163.8 ± 15.1	.32
60 min	175.9 ± 5.5	166.5 ± 13.4	170.3 ± 4.9	212.2 ± 19.7	.11
120 min	168.5 ± 7.3	155.3 ± 15.2	160.2 ± 7.2	222.9 ± 23.4	.04
180 min	119.2 ± 6.5	117.2 ± 13.2	111.4 ± 5.8	159.9 ± 31.2	.30
Integrated area (mg min−1 dL−1)	27,725 ± 889	26,964 ± 2,029	26,661 ± 831	34,160 ± 3,609	.14
Insulin (μU/mL)
Fasting	12.4 ± 0.7	12.1 ± 1.4	12.1 ± 0.7	14.3 ± 2.9	.75
30 min	67.7 ± 5.9	74.2 ± 12.5	62.3 ± 7.3	68.8 ± 15.1	.69
60 min	83.9 ± 7.0	73.8 ± 11.5	78.0 ± 8.0	113.2 ± 26.1	.38
120 min	91.4 ± 7.1	85.0 ± 13.0	78.8 ± 6.2	143.4 ± 33.0	.16
180 min	39.6 ± 3.9	38.7 ± 6.3	36.7 ± 4.6	55.1 ± 16.4	.56
Integrated area (μU min−1 mL−1)	12,664 ± 842	12,487 ± 1,439	11,689 ± 890	17,628 ± 3,796	.31
HOMA-IR units‡	3.0 ± 0.2	2.9 ± 0.4	2.8 ± 0.2	3.6 ± 0.7	.63
Matsuda index§	3.5 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.3	2.6 ± 0.5	.12

Notes: BMI = body mass index; CHD = coronary heart disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; WHAS II = Women’s Health and Aging Study II.

^*Unless otherwise indicated, mean (±SE) are reported.

^† p Value indicates differences by frailty status.

^‡Calculated as (fasting glucose × fasting insulin)/405.

^§Calculated as 10,000/square root ([fasting glucose × fasting insulin]/[mean glucose × mean insulin during OGTT]).