Table 3.
Hazard Ratios of Adjusted Time to Death (2004–2008)
| Hazard Ratio* (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| Total Sample (2004 wave), N = 3,507 | Total Sample (2004 wave), N = 3,507 | Subsample (2003 Diabetes Study), N = 1,690 | |
| Clinical group | |||
| Self-management difficulty | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | |
| Uncertain benefit | 5.5 (4.3–7.2) | 5.5 (3.8–7.9) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 65–75 | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | |
| ≥76 | 2.4 (1.8–3.1) | 2.0 (1.4–3.0) | |
| Age group—clinical group interaction term | |||
| 51–64—Self-management difficulty | 2.0 (1.2–3.2) | ||
| 51–64—Uncertain benefit | 2.2 (1.1–4.3) | ||
| 5–75—Relatively healthy | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | ||
| 65–75—Self-management difficulty | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | ||
| 65–75—Uncertain benefit | 7.0 (4.5–10.8) | ||
| ≥76—Relatively healthy | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | ||
| ≥76—Self-management difficulty | 3.5 (2.3–5.3) | ||
| ≥76—Uncertain benefit | 12.7 (8.7–18.6) | ||
| Gender | |||
| Female | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Race | |||
| African American | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
| Hispanic | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| Living arrangement | |||
| Unmarried living with other(s) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) |
| Unmarried living alone | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| Education (years) | |||
| 12 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| >12 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
| Net worth (dollars) | |||
| 40,001–155,000 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
| 155,001–420,000 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
| >420,000 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
| Use of insulin | |||
| Yes | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | ||
Note: Models were adjusted for clinical group, age, gender, race, living arrangement, education, and net worth (Referent groups: Clinical Group, Relatively Healthy; Age, 51–64 years old; Gender, Male; Race, Caucasian; Living Arrangement, Married; Education, <12 years; Net Worth, ≤40,000 dollars). Model 2 included age group—clinical group interaction terms (referent group: 65–75 years old—Relatively Healthy Group). Model 3 was also adjusted for use of insulin (referent group: No).
*
Hazard ratios were derived using Health and Retirement Study respondent population weights to adjust for differential probability of selection into the sample and differential nonresponse.