Table 1.

Empirical estimates for β and

Country	Total distance traveled, passengers per kilometer per year	Total length, kilometers	, passengers per year	Maintenance cost, Euros per year	Average ticket price, Euros per kilometer	β, passengers per year
France					0.12		0.20
Germany					0.30		0.32
India					0.01		0.31
Italy					0.20		0.53
Spain					0.11		1.26
Switzerland					0.17		0.66
United Kingdom					0.16		1.19
United States					0.11		1.56

This table gives the total ride distance (in kilometers), the total network length (in kilometers), the total annual maintenance expenditure (in Euros per year), and the average ticket price (in Euros per kilometer). All the given values correspond to the year 2011. From these data, we compute the empirical values of β and , as well as their ratio (data obtained from various sources, such as financial reports of railway companies).