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. 2013 May 13;110(22):8813–8818. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1213366110

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

PMIP2 simulations of LGM (circles) and our simulations with the LMDZ4 model (squares and triangle) show a correspondence between LGM-present day (PD) cooling in the Puxian region (averaged over 30–40° N latitude and 105–115° E longitude) and a diagnostic of the stationary wave to the Northwest of this region [500-hPa northerly winds averaged over 40–50° N latitude and 80–110° E longitude; white boxes in Fig. 1 (Lower Left) show averaging regions]. PMIP2 models with weak stationary waves (<2.5-m/s northerly winds) simulate −3 °C cooling, which is inconsistent with our data. Models that simulate stronger stationary waves (>2.5-m/s northerly winds) also show enhanced cooling of the Puxian region. Our simulations with the LMDZ4 model (squares and triangle) show enhanced northerly winds and substantially more cooling at Puxian along the same trend as the PMIP2 models. If the stationary waves are artificially suppressed in the LMDZ4 model [by removing the continental ice sheets (open red square); SI Appendix, Fig. S9], the simulated cooling is reduced by ∼30% relative to the LMDZ4 simulation at the same resolution (filled red square). Proxy data are indicated by black bars to the right of the plot, with filled brown and orange areas representing 1 SE of the temperature change determined from soil carbonates and gastropods, respectively. The ensemble of models demonstrates enhanced regional LGM climate sensitivity (represented by the gray arrow) in East Asia correlated with the far-field influence of continental ice sheets on the global stationary wave pattern. alb., albedo; oa, ocean atmosphere enabled model; oav, ocean, atmosphere, and vegetation; oa_CCSM, community climate system model; oa_CNRM, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques; oa_ECHAM53, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie General Circulation Model 5; oa_FGOALS, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Model; oa_IPSL, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace; oa_MIROC3, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; oa_HadCM3M2, Met Office Hadley Centre.