Table 1.
Modern climatological data and proxy based reconstructions of past climate
| Climate parameter | Value |
| Modern warm month (JJA) climatological data | |
| Monthly average* | 23.3 °C |
| Monthly average daily high* | 28.8 °C |
| GNIP station† water isotopes in precipitation (V-SMOW) | −7.1‰ |
| Pedogenic carbonate-derived temperature and δ18O | |
| LGM temperature (soil carbonate Δ47-derived)‡ | 17.8 ± 2.0 °C |
| LGM soil carbonate formation water δ18O (ice-vol. corr.)§ | −9.1 ± 0.5‰ |
| ΔT (LGM-GNIP station)¶ | −5.5 ± 2.0 °C |
| Δδ18O (soil carbonate-GNIP station water δ18O; V-SMOW)‖ | −2.0 ± 0.5‰ |
| Terrestrial gastropod calcification temperature and δ18O | |
| Modern temperature (Δ47-derived) | 31.2 ± 1.5 °C |
| LGM temperature (Δ47-derived) | 24.2 ± 1.9 °C |
| Modern body water δ18O (V-SMOW) | −0.5‰ |
| Glacial body water δ18O (ice-vol. corr.; V-SMOW) | −5.5‰ |
| ΔT (LGM-modern) | −7.0 ± 2.4 °C |
| Δδ18O meteoric water (LGM-modern; V-SMOW)** | −5.2 ± 0.5‰ |
Values with a ± symbol indicate two SE values derived from the error in stable isotope determinations or the propagated uncertainty when comparing two values with errors. JJA, June, July, August; V-SMOW, Vienna standard mean ocean water.
Data compiled for the years 2007–2010 from the nearby climate station at Yan An, Shaanxi province (36.6° N, 109.5° E, 959-m elevation); details are provided in SI Appendix.
Data from the nearby Taiyuan Global Network for Isotope Precipitation (GNIP) station (37.8° N, 112.6° E, 778-m elevation), which has the most similar altitude to Puxian of the GNIP sites in closest proximity to our study site (SI Appendix, Table S8).
Δ47-Derived temperatures are determined from the stable isotope data given in SI Appendix, Tables S1–S3.
Calculated using the Δ47-derived temperature and soil carbonate δ18O and corrected by 1.2‰ for LGM ice volume change.
Error calculated using a 0.5 °C uncertainty in modern climatological data and the error in the LGM Δ47 temperature determination.
Error is the propagated error of temperature and δ18O determinations (SI Appendix).
Calculated using an isotope flux model of gastropod body water and assuming constant humidity in gastropod microenvironment; details are provided in SI Appendix.