Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses for overall survival and progression-free survival according to cytokine level in patients receiving gemcitabine monotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer.

			Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Tested factor		N	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Overall survival
GM-CSF	High	20	1.84 (1.02–3.21)	0.042
IFN-γ	High	12	1.16 (0.53–2.29)	0.686
IL-1β	High	20	2.33 (1.27–4.18)	0.007	1.88 (1.01–3.45)	0.048
IL-2	High	12	2.09 (1.01–4.00)	0.048
IL-6	High	30	2.41 (1.39–4.20)	0.002	2.10 (1.19–3.74)	0.011
IL-8	High	29	1.49 (0.87–2.57)	0.149
IL-10	High	30	1.22 (0.71–2.11)	0.465
IL-12	High	22	2.06 (1.12–3.72)	0.020
TNF-α	High	30	0.98 (0.57–1.68)	0.939
Progression-free survival
GM-CSF	High	20	1.61 (0.91–2.76)	0.098
IFN-γ	High	12	1.27 (0.64–2.33)	0.481
IL-1β	High	20	2.33 (1.30–4.08)	0.005	1.81 (0.98–3.27)	0.056
IL-2	High	12	2.08 (1.02–3.97)	0.043
IL-6	High	30	2.67 (1.56–4.56)	<0.001	2.32 (1.33–4.07)	0.003
IL-8	High	29	1.27 (0.75–2.14)	0.362
IL-10	High	30	1.46 (0.87–2.45)	0.148
IL-12	High	22	2.13 (1.21–3.72)	0.010
TNF-α	High	30	1.15 (0.68–1.93)	0.595

Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; GM-CSF=granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HR=hazard ratio; IFN=interferon; IL=interleukin; TNF=tumour necrosis factor.