Table 1.
Whole grains included under the American Association of Cereal Chemists definition, key macronutrients, and micronutrients that may play a role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Refined wheat and rice are included as comparisons. Data are from the USDA database [18] unless otherwise stated. Note that these values are averages and do not represent the high varietal and seasonal variation that are normal for micronutrient contents of foods.
| Whole grains | Refined grains | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | Rice | Corn | Rye | Oats | Barley | Sorghum | Millet | Quinoaa | Buckwheata | Amarantha | Wheat | Rice | Corn | |
| Energy (kJ/100 g) | 1418 | 1515 | 1515 | 1414 | 1628 | 1481 | 1418 | 1582 | 1540 | 1402 | 1552 | 1523 | 1498 | 1569 |
| Carbohydrate (g/100 g) | 72.6 | 76.2 | 76.9 | 75.9 | 66.3 | 73.5 | 74.6 | 72.9 | 64.2 | 70.6 | 65.3 | 76.3 | 79.2 | 82.8 |
| Protein (g/100 g) | 13.7 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 16.9 | 12.5 | 11.3 | 11 | 14.1 | 12.6 | 13.6 | 10.3 | 6.5 | 5.6 |
| Fat (g/100 g) | 1.9 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 6.9 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 7 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
| Total dietary fibre (g/100 g) | 12.2 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 15.1 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 6.3 | 8.5 | 7 | 10 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 1 | 1.9 |
| Vitamin E (mg α-tocopherol/100 g) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
| Folate (µg/100 g) | 44 | 20 | 25 | 38 | 56 | 19 | — | 85 | 184 | 54 | 82 | 10 | 6 | 48 |
| Magnesium (mg/100 g) | 138 | 143 | 127 | 110 | 177 | 133 | — | 114 | 197 | 251 | 248 | 22 | 35 | 18 |
| Glycine betaine (mg/100 g)b | 90 | 3 | 2 | 120 | 7 | 35 | 3 | 10 | 360 | 2 | 65 | 23 | 3 | 3 |
| Free choline (mg/100 g)b | 20 | 8 | 2 | 18 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 2 | 27 | 46 | 51 | 10 | 10 | 18 |
aPseudocereals: botanically not true cereal grasses, but included in the whole grain definition due to their traditional use in the same way as cereals.
bData from Bruce et al. [19] and unpublished results using the same liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.