Table 1.
Associations of Baseline Characteristics with Clinical Trial Enrollment
|
Clinical Trial Experience | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | Total (n=358) | Yes (n=35; 9.78%) | No (n=323; 90.2%) | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Race | |||||
| White | 235 (66.01%) | 29 (12.3%) | 206 (87.7%) | 2.70 (1.09–6.69) | 0.032 |
| Black | 61 (17.13%) | 2 (3.3%) | 59 (96.7%) | 0.27 (0.06–1.15) | 0.077 |
| Hispanic | 53 (14.89%) | 2 (3.8%) | 51 (96.2%) | 0.32 (0.08–1.38) | 0.127 |
| Asian | 4 (1.12%) | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 9.67 (1.32–70.89) | 0.026 |
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age; mean (SD) | 58.58 (12.66) | 56.09 (11.59) | 58.86 (12.76) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.219 |
| Male | 194 (54.19%) | 15 (7.73%) | 179 (92.27%) | 0.59 (0.29–1.20) | 0.149 |
| Family Income ≥$31,000 | 113 (31.56%) | 11 (9.73%) | 102 (90.27%) | 1.62 (0.58–4.55) | 0.362 |
| Married | 217 (60.61%) | 24 (11.06%) | 193 (88.94%) | 1.41 (0.67–2.99) | 0.365 |
| Insured | 220 (61.45%) | 32 (14.55%) | 188 (85.45%) | 7.26 (2.18–24.22) | 0.001 |
| Education; mean (SD) | 12.55 (4.09) | 13.54 (3.58) | 12.44 (4.14) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 0.130 |
| Religion | |||||
| Catholic | 132 (36.87%) | 16 (12.12%) | 116 (87.88%) | 1.49 (0.74–3.01) | 0.267 |
| Protestant | 61 (17.04%) | 3 (4.92%) | 58 (95.08%) | 0.43 (0.13–1.44) | 0.168 |
| Jewish | 17 (4.75%) | 5 (29.41%) | 12 (70.59%) | 4.29 (1.42–13.01) | 0.010 |
| Muslim | 4 (1.12%) | 1 (25.00%) | 3 (75.00%) | 3.12 (0.32–30.82) | 0.330 |
| No religion | 16 (4.47%) | 1 (6.25%) | 15 (93.75%) | 0.60 (0.08–4.68) | 0.626 |
| Pentecostal | 9 (2.51%) | 1 (11.11%) | 8 (88.89%) | 1.15 (0.14–9.48) | 0.896 |
| Baptist | 53 (14.80%) | 2 (3.77%) | 51 (96.23%) | 0.32 (0.07–1.38) | 0.127 |
| Recruitment site | |||||
| Yale Cancer Center | 68 (18.99%) | 21 (30.88%) | 47 (69.12%) | 8.78 (4.17–18.46) | 0.000 |
| Veterans Affairs CCC | 12 (3.35%) | 0 (0.00%) | 12 (100.0%) | --------a | 0.983 |
| Simmons Center | 34 (9.50%) | 3 (8.82%) | 31 (91.18%) | 0.88 (0.25–3.04) | 0.840 |
| Parkland Hospital | 141 (39.39%) | 4 (2.84%) | 137 (97.16%) | 0.17 (0.06–0.51) | 0.001 |
| DFCI/MGH | 8 (2.23%) | 1 (12.50%) | 7 (87.50%) | 1.32 (0.16–11.08) | 0.796 |
| New Hampshire Heme/Onc | 65 (18.2%) | 2 (3.1) | 63 (96.9) | 0.25 (0.06–1.07) | 0.061 |
| Cancer type | |||||
| Lung | 76 (21.23%) | 3 (3.95%) | 73 (96.05%) | 0.32 (0.10–1.08) | 0.066 |
| Pancreatic | 33 (9.22%) | 9 (27.27%) | 24 (72.73%) | 4.31 (1.82–10.24) | 0.001 |
| Gallbladder | 7 (1.96%) | 0 (0.00%) | 7 (100.0%) | --------a | 0.987 |
| Colon | 45 (12.57%) | 5 (11.11%) | 40 (88.89%) | 1.18 (0.43–3.21) | 0.747 |
| Brain | 8 (2.23%) | 2 (25.00%) | 6 (75.00%) | 3.20 (0.62–16.51) | 0.164 |
| Stomach | 14 (3.91%) | 1 (7.14%) | 13 (92.86%) | 0.70 (0.09–5.53) | 0.737 |
| Esophageal | 12 (3.35%) | 3 (25.00%) | 9 (75.00%) | 3.27 (0.84–12.70) | 0.087 |
| Performance status; mean (SD) | |||||
| Karnofsky Score | 64.32 (16.54) | 71.18 (18.05) | 63.58 (16.23) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.012 |
| Zubrod Score | 1.72 (0.91) | 1.37 (0.94) | 1.75 (0.9) | 0.60 (0.39–0.92) | 0.020 |
| Charlson Index | 8.34 (2.68) | 7.03 (2.23) | 8.48 (2.69) | 0.80 (0.70–0.93) | 0.003 |
| McGill Quality of Life; mean (SD) | |||||
| Physical functioning | 5.61 (2.66) | 5.89 (1.99) | 5.58 (2.72) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 0.524 |
| Symptoms | 5.36 (2.13) | 6.2 (1.6) | 5.27 (2.17) | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | 0.016 |
| Psychological | 7.22 (2.5) | 7.46 (2.2) | 7.2 (2.53) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 0.563 |
| Support | 8.63 (1.67) | 8.31 (1.44) | 8.67 (1.69) | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | 0.239 |
| Summative score | 6.79 (1.55) | 6.98 (1.12) | 6.76 (1.59) | 1.10 (0.87–1.38) | 0.431 |
| Doctor-patient relationship | |||||
| How much trust your doctor; mean (SD) (n=121) | 3.34 (1.20) | 3.29 (1.50) | 3.34 (1.19) | 0.96 (0.52–1.78) | 0.90 |
| How much respect your doctor; mean (SD) (n=121) | 3.45 (1.18) | 3.29 (1.50) | 3.46 (1.16) | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) | 0.70 |
| Comfortable asking questions about your care (n=329) | 0.89 (0.24) | 0.87 (0.28) | 0.89 (0.24) | 0.74 (0.19–2.94) | 0.67 |
| EOL treatment preferences | |||||
| Extend life preference | 83 (23.18%) | 13 (15.66%) | 70 (84.34%) | 2.56 (1.15–5.71) | 0.022 |
| Against ICU death | 121 (33.80%) | 12 (9.92%) | 109 (90.08%) | 1.08 (0.51–2.32) | 0.836 |
| Prefer feeding tube | 125 (34.92%) | 10 (8.00%) | 115 (92.00%) | 0.76 (0.34–1.67) | 0.491 |
| Prefer ventilator | 84 (23.46%) | 8 (9.52%) | 76 (90.48%) | 1.04 (0.44–2.43) | 0.930 |
| Prefer chemotherapy | 248 (69.27%) | 27 (10.89%) | 221 (89.11%) | 4.28 (0.99–18.44) | 0.051 |
| Prefer antibiotics | 199 (55.59%) | 21 (10.55%) | 178 (89.45%) | 1.64 (0.70–3.82) | 0.255 |
| Advance care planning | |||||
| Terminal Illness acknowledgement | 125 (34.92%) | 9 (7.20%) | 116 (92.80%) | 0.62 (0.27–1.39) | 0.243 |
| End-of-life discussion | 151 (42.18%) | 6 (3.97%) | 145 (96.03%) | 0.25 (0.10–0.62) | 0.003 |
| Want doctor to tell life-expectancy | 236 (65.92%) | 16 (6.78%) | 220 (93.22%) | 0.39 (0.18–0.85) | 0.017 |
| Completed DNR order | 138 (38.55%) | 8 (5.80%) | 130 (94.20%) | 0.46 (0.20–1.06) | 0.067 |
| Had living will or DPA | 181 (50.56%) | 18 (9.94%) | 163 (90.06%) | 1.08 (0.51–2.28) | 0.843 |
a
Estimate could not be obtained.
DNR, do not resuscitate; DPA, durable power of attorney; EOL, end of life; ICU, intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.