Table 1.
Characteristics of the offspring
| Characteristics | Exposure to Maternal Diabetes (n=11) | No Exposure (n=10) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 9.9 (1.4) | 10.8 (0.6) | .07 |
| Female, n (%) | 6 (55%) | 6 (60%) | .80 |
| Tanner stage <2 (prepubertal) ≥2 (pubertal) |
7 (64%) 4 (36%) |
4 (40%) 6 (60%) |
.28 |
| Kilocalorie intake/day (SD) | 1826 (508) | 1829 (500) | .99 |
| Physical activity* (SD) | 2.3 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.0) | .39 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 103 | 97 | .18 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 | 66 | .23 |
| BMI z score | 0.8 (1.2) | −0.3 (1.0) | .03 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 68.9 (12.1) | 59.7 (5.8) | .04 |
| Triglyceride a | 99 | 74 | .09 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 53 | 56 | .50 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 113 (30) | 89 (32) | .10 |
| E-selectin (ng/ml)a | 1.3 | 1.0 | .32 |
| VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | 45.8 | 32.4 | .02 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml)a | 11.3 | 12.5 | .71 |
| Leptin (ng/ml)a | 8.2 | 3.4 | .04 |
*
Number of 30-minute blocks of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day
a
Geometric mean reported