Table 1.
Demographics and Confounders by DLII Status.
| Variables | DLII- Yes n=579 n (%) | DLII- No n=1912 n (%) | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Ageb | 0.29 | ||
| 18–24 | 116 (20.07) | 438 (22.94) | |
| 25–34 | 372 (64.36) | 1165 (61.03) | |
| > 34 | 90 (15.57) | 306 (16.03) | |
| Race/Ethnicityb | 0.29 | ||
| White | 468 (83.72) | 1556 (83.39) | |
| Black | 18 (3.22) | 97 (5.20) | |
| Hispanic | 43 (7.69) | 118 (6.32) | |
| Other | 30 (5.37) | 95 (5.09) | |
| Educationb | 0.61 | ||
| ≤ High School | 93 (17.35) | 328 (18.43) | |
| Some College | 230 (42.91) | 722 (40.56) | |
| ≥ College Completion | 213 (39.74) | 730 (41.01) | |
| Federal Poverty Level | < 0.01 | ||
| < 185 % | 213 (36.79) | 791 (41.37) | |
| 185–350 % | 204 (35.23) | 701 (36.66) | |
| > 350 % | 162 (27.98) | 420 (21.97) | |
| Postnatal WIC Enrollmentb | 0.03 | ||
| Yes | 140 (24.18) | 549 (28.77) | |
| No | 439 (75.82) | 1359 (71.23) | |
| Geographic Residential Location | 0.04 | ||
| Northeast | 89 (15.37) | 304 (15.90) | |
| Midwest | 150 (25.91) | 584 (30.54) | |
| South | 214 (36.96) | 595 (31.12) | |
| West | 126 (21.76) | 429 (22.44) | |
| Household Size | < 0.01 | ||
| ≤ 4 Members | 522 (90.16) | 1589 (83.11) | |
| > 4 Members | 57 (9.84) | 323 (16.89) | |
| Infant Feeding Factors | |||
| Parityb | < 0.01 | ||
| Primiparous | 255 (44.97) | 481 (25.83) | |
| Multiparous | 312 (55.03) | 1381 (74.17) | |
| Previous BF Experienceb | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 272 (48.31) | 1289 (69.68) | |
| No | 291 (51.69) | 561 (30.32) | |
| Parity/Previous BF Experienceb, c | < 0.01 | ||
| Primparous | 255 (45.29) | 481 (26.00) | |
| Multiparous with BF experience | 272 (48.31) | 1289 (69.68) | |
| Multiparous without BF experience | 36 (6.39) | 80 (4.32) | |
| Exclusive BF Planb | 0.10 | ||
| Exclusively BF | 387 (66.96) | 1350 (70.90) | |
| Not Exclusively BF | 167 (28.89) | 500 (26.26) | |
| Doesn’t Know | 24 (4.15) | 54 (2.84) | |
| Mother Believes Infant Formula is as Good as Breast Milk | 0.16 | ||
| Yes or Neutral | 198 (34.20) | 594 (31.07) | |
| No | 381 (65.80) | 1318 (68.93) | |
| Feeding on Demandb | 0.02 | ||
| Whenever Baby Cried or Felt Hungry | 278 (48.10) | 1040 (54.59) | |
| On a Schedule or Routine | 46 (7.96) | 129 (6.77) | |
| Both | 254 (43.94) | 736 (38.64) | |
| Initiation of First BFb | < 0.01 | ||
| 0–30 Minutes Post Partum | 125 (21.74) | 653 (34.48) | |
| 31–60 Minutes Post Partum | 166 (28.87) | 481 (25.40) | |
| > 1 Hour Post Partum | 284 (49.39) | 760 (40.12) | |
| Health Care Provider Factors | |||
| Timing of First Prenatal Care Visitb | 0.10 | ||
| < 13 weeks | 524 (91.13) | 1678 (88.74) | |
| ≥ 13 weeks | 51 (8.87) | 213 (11.26) | |
| Obstetric Provider Favors Exclusive BFb | 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 189 (32.70) | 732 (38.61) | |
| No | 389 (67.30) | 1164 (61.39) | |
| Pediatric Provider Favors Exclusive BFb | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 259 (44.97) | 981 (51.74) | |
| No | 317 (55.03) | 915 (48.26) | |
| Hospital Practices | |||
| Low Intervention Vaginal Birthb, d | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 175 (30.33) | 800 (41.95) | |
| No | 402 (69.67) | 1107 (58.05) | |
| Epidural/Spinal Statusb | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 484 (83.74) | 1388 (72.78) | |
| No | 94 (16.26) | 519 (27.22) | |
| Hospital Rooming-Inb | 0.03 | ||
| All the Time | 308 (53.29) | 1132 (59.58) | |
| Sometimes | 154 (26.64) | 437 (23.00) | |
| Never | 116 (20.07) | 331 (17.42) | |
| In-Hospital BF Supportb | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 485 (83.91) | 1360 (71.47) | |
| No | 93 (16.09) | 543 (28.53) | |
| Lifestyle Factors | |||
| Prenatal Obesityb, e | 0.06 | ||
| Yes | 148 (25.78) | 415 (21.98) | |
| No | 426 (74.22) | 1473 (78.02) | |
| Maternal Return to Workb | 0.02 | ||
| 0–6 Months | 64 (15.65) | 190 (14.88) | |
| > 6 Months | 252 (61.61) | 706 (55.29) | |
| Did Not Return | 93 (22.74) | 381 (29.84) | |
| Post Partum Maternal Tobacco Useb | 0.06 | ||
| Any | 65 (13.98) | 162 (10.81) | |
| None | 400 (86.02) | 1337 (89.19) | |
Abbreviations: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; DLII, delayed onset of lactogenesis II; WIC, Women Infant and Children; BF, breastfeeding; FF, formula feeding; N/A, not applicable.
a
Missing data were excluded when calculating global p-values
b
Observations<2491
c
Combined variables (parity and breastfeeding experience variables) used in the multivariable model, instead of 2 separate variables.
d
Maternal BMI cutoff of a score of 30 or higher
e
Vaginal birth with no induction