Table 2.
Early cessation of any and exclusive breastfeeding: multivariable logistic regression.
| Variables | Any BF Cessation within 4 weeks | Exclusive BF Cessation by 4 weeks | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| OR (95% CI) n=1754 | p-valuea | OR (95% CI) n=1372 | p-valuea | |
| DLII | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 1.62 (1.14–2.31) | 1.62 (1.18–2.22) | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Age | < 0.01 | 0.04 | ||
| 18–24 | 1.75 (1.15–2.66) | 1.58 (1.04–2.39) | ||
| 25–34 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| > 34 | 0.62 (0.37–1.03) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.05 | 0.10 | ||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Black | 0.85 (0.41–1.75) | 2.13 (0.94–4.82) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.37 (0.16–0.83) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | ||
| Other | 0.47 (0.17–1.28) | 1.88 (0.94–3.75) | ||
| Education | 0.02 | 0.11 | ||
| ≤ High School | 1.81 (1.09–3.01) | 1.55 (1.00–2.40) | ||
| Some College | 1.76 (1.16–2.66) | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) | ||
| ≥ College | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Previous BF Experience | < 0.01 | 0.03 | ||
| Primparous | 1.91 (1.29–2.81) | 1.45 (1.05–2.00) | ||
| Multiparous with previous BF | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Multiparous without previous BF | 4.26 (2.39–7.59) | 1.95 (0.85–4.49) | ||
| Exclusive BF Plan | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||
| Exclusively BF | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Not Exclusively BF | 3.68 (2.59–5.22) | 4.72 (3.26–6.83) | ||
| Doesn’t Know | 5.65 (2.90–11.03) | 2.35 (0.96–5.76) | ||
| Geographic Residential Location | 0.02 | |||
| Northeast | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Midwest | 1.45 (0.89–2.39) | NA | ||
| South | 1.22 (0.74–2.03) | NA | ||
| West | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) | NA | ||
| Household Size | 0.26 | |||
| ≤ 4 Members | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| > 4 Members | 1.31 (0.82–2.10) | NA | ||
| Pediatric Provider Favors Exclusive BF | < 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| No | 2.12 (1.50–2.99) | NA | ||
| Hospital Support | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| No | 0.58 (0.37–0.90) | NA | ||
| Maternal Tobacco Use | < 0.01 | 0.09 | ||
| Yes | 1.82 (1.19–2.78) | 1.50 (0.94–2.39) | ||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||
| FPL | 0.04 | |||
| < 185% | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 185–350% | NA | 1.54 (1.11–2.15) | ||
| > 350% | NA | 1.31 (0.88–1.95) | ||
| Postnatal WIC Enrollment | 0.04 | |||
| Yes | NA | 1.52 (1.05–2.21) | ||
| No | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Feeding on Demand | < 0.01 | |||
| Whenever Baby Cried or Felt Hungry | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| On a Schedule or Routine | NA | 2.15 (1.18–3.95) | ||
| Both | NA | 1.43 (1.10–1.87) | ||
| Initiation of First BF | < 0.01 | |||
| 0–30 Min PP | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| 31–60 Min PP | NA | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) | ||
| > 1 Hour PP | NA | 1.93 (1.41–2.64) | ||
| Timing of First Prenatal Care Visit | 0.02 | |||
| < 13 Weeks | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| ≥ 13 Weeks | NA | 1.70 (1.07–2.69) | ||
| Obstetric Provider Favors Exclusive BF | < 0.01 | |||
| Yes | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| No | NA | 1.53 (1.18–1.98) | ||
| Low Intervention Vaginal Birthb | 0.09 | |||
| Yes | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| No | NA | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | ||
| Epidural/Spinal Status | 0.38 | |||
| Yes | NA | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | ||
| No | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Prenatal Obesityc | < 0.01 | |||
| Yes | NA | 1.66 (1.22–2.27) | ||
| No | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
| Maternal Return to Work | 0.50 | |||
| 0–6 Months | NA | 1.09 (0.73–1.64) | ||
| > 6 Months | NA | 1.19 (0.89–1.58) | ||
| Did Not Return | NA | 1 [Reference] | ||
Abbreviations: BF, breastfeeding; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DLII, delayed onset of lactogenesis II; NA, not applicable; FPL, federal poverty level; WIC, Women Infant and Children; Min, minutes; PP Post Partum.
a
p-values represent the type 3 analysis of effects wald chi-square p-value.
b
Vaginal birth with no induction.
c
Maternal BMI cutoff of a score of 30 or higher.