Table 2.
Clinical studies specifically targeting MDSC
| Target | Reagent | Type of cancer | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Induction of MDSC differentiation | ATRA | Renal cell carcinoma, | [88, 100, 178] |
| Induction of MDSC differentiation | Vitamin D3 | Head and neck cancer | [179] |
| Induction of MDSC differentiation | GM-CSF | Malignant melanoma | [180] |
| Blockade of MDSC expansion/ activation | SCF | Colon carcinoma | [181]b |
| Anti-VEGF Ab +/- IL-2 | Renal cell carcinoma | [58] | |
| VEGF-trap | Advanced tumors | [182] | |
| Sunitinib | Renal cell carcinoma | [99] | |
| Blockade of MDSC function | CDDO-Mea | Pancreatic cancer | [183] |
| Blockade of MDSC function | COX-2 inhibitorsb | Intestinal tumors Pancreatic cancer Lung cancer |
[184] [185] [186] |
| Elimination of MDSC | Gemcitabine | Lung cancer and Mesothelioma Colon cancer Breast cancer Pancreatic cancerc |
[16]b [187]b [17]a |
| Recruitment of MDSC | Aminobisphosphonates | Breast cancer, Pancreatic cancerc | [145]b |
a
CDDO-Me is the triterpenoid C-28 methyl ester of 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid
b
Mouse model
c
Linehan et al., ongoing clinical study