Table 1.
Mediators released by classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated macrophages implicated in liver and lung injury and repair
| M1 mediators | Toxicant
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Liver | Lung | |
|
| ||
| Reactive oxygen species | Endotoxin (17, 18) | Ozone (59–61, 63, 64, 101) |
| Acetaminophen (6, 13, 104) | Radiation (65) | |
| Phenobarbital (15) | Bleomycin (66) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (97, 98) | Silica (84) | |
| 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (100) | ||
|
| ||
| Reactive nitrogen species | Endotoxin (47, 184) | Ozone (59, 61–64, 101) |
| Acetaminophen (12, 25, 44) | Radiation (65, 112) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (40) | Bleomycin (66, 111, 113) | |
| Ethanol (114) | Silica (115) | |
|
| ||
| Proteases | Endotoxin (118) | Bleomycin (93) |
| Acetaminophen (37, 44) | Endotoxin (78) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (134) | Sulfur mustard (69, 121) | |
| Thioacetamide (120) | Particulate matter (117) | |
|
| ||
| Bioactive lipids | Endotoxin (47, 136, 140) | Ozone (59, 64, 131, 138, 145) |
| Acetaminophen (127, 128) | Silica (124, 125) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (97, 126, 130, 134, 148) | Sulfur mustard (69) | |
|
| ||
| Proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, chemokines) | Endotoxin (47) | Ozone (60, 63, 64, 68) |
| Acetaminophen (3, 6, 37, 38, 44, 127) | Radiation (162) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (14, 40, 43, 126, 158) | Silica (85) | |
| Galactosamine (153) | Particulate matter (113, 176) | |
| Cadmium (154) | Endotoxin (78) | |
| Asbestos (155, 156) | ||
|
| ||
|
M2 mediators
| ||
| IL-10 | Endotoxin (47) | Ozone (63, 64) |
| Acetaminophen (37, 38, 44, 49, 50) | Silica (91) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (51) | Endotoxin (178) | |
|
| ||
| IL-4 | Acetaminophen (38) | Radiation (87) |
| Concanavalin-A (42) | Silica (89) | |
| Endotoxin (178) | ||
| Hyperoxia (177) | ||
|
| ||
| IL-13 | Endotoxin (45) | Endotoxin (178) |
| Acetaminophen (46) | Hyperoxia (177) | |
| Diesel exhaust (176) | ||
|
| ||
| TGFβ | Endotoxin (185) | Bleomycin (179) |
| Acetaminophen (38) | Radiation (180) | |
| Carbon tetrachloride (43, 126, 182) | Asbestos (186) | |
| Thioacetamide (181) | ||
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α.