Table 2. Hazard ratio of hospitalisation and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke for self-rated health (SRH) adjusted for socio-demographic variables, behavioural risk factors, clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 7,279 men and 9,285 women aged 39–79 years without prevalent CVD in EPIC-Norfolk (1992–2007).
| Self-rated health category | Fatal and non-fatal CVD events | Non-fatal CVD events | Fatal CVD events |
| Hospitalisation and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke | Hospitalisation from ischemic heart disease and stroke | Mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke | |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: Unadjusted | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 2.2 (1.4–3.4) |
| Moderate | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 3.7 (2.3–6.0) |
| Poor | 3.7 (2.8–4.9) | 3.8 (2.8–5.2) | 2.3 (0.7–7.6)* |
| Model 2: Adjusted for socio-demographic risk factors a | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.8 (1.2–2.9) |
| Moderate | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 2.9 (1.8–4.7) |
| Poor | 3.9 (2.9–5.3) | 4.1 (3.0–5.6) | 2.2 (0.7–7.4)* |
| Model 3: Adjusted for behavioural risk factors b | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.8 (1.1–2.8) |
| Moderate | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 2.3 (1.4–3.8) |
| Poor | 2.6 (1.9–3.5) | 2.8 (2.1–3.9) | 1.2 (0.3–3.9)* |
| Model 4: Adjusted for clinical risk factors c | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) |
| Moderate | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) | 1.9 (1.7–2.3) | 3.2 (2.0–5.2) |
| Poor | 3.2 (2.4–4.3) | 3.4 (2.5–4.5) | 1.9 (0.6–6.5)* |
| Model 5: Fully adjusted for socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical risk factors | |||
| Excellent | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Good | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.4) |
| Moderate | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) | 2.1 (1.2–3.4) |
| Poor | 3.3 (2.4–4.4) | 3.5 (2.6–4.9) | 1.5 (0.5–5.2)* |
a
Socio-demographic risk factors: Age, sex and education.
b
Behavioural risk factors: Smoking, alcohol use, vitamin C intake and physical activity.
c
Clinical risk factors: Total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, BMI, history of diabetes and family history of myocardial infarction or stroke.
*
Based on small numbers: n = 3 of n = 260 participants with poor SRH had a fatal CVD event during follow-up.