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Mechanisms altering T cell receptor responsiveness with age.
| Loss of CD28 |
|---|
| Acquisition of co-stimulatory receptors (KIR2DS/3DS, CD94/NKG2C, NKG2D) |
| De novo expression of co-inhibitory receptors (KIR, KLR, ILT2, PD1) |
| Rewiring of signaling cascades due to chronic cytokine stimulation |
| Rewiring of signaling cascades due to kinase or adaptor expressions (seen in RA and SLE, not yet shown in aging) |
| Rewiring of signaling cascades due to increased phosphatase expression (e.g., DUSP6) |
