. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 4.

Published in final edited form as: Public Health Nutr. 2011 Feb 28;14(7):1303–1311. doi: 10.1017/S1368980011000085

Table 3.

Within- and between-group comparisons in nutrient intakes, weight outcomes and HbA_1c in adults with type 2 diabetes

Outcome	Baseline					Change score					Change score
	Six-serving group (n 15)		Eight-serving group (n 20)			Six-serving group (n 15)^†		Eight-serving group (n 20)^†			All participants (n 35)^†
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	P value^‡	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	P value^‡	Mean	SE
Energy (kJ)	9082·2	579·9	9520·7	502·5	0·57	−2111·7^***	554·4	−1876·1^***	476·6	0·75	−1976·9^***	356·3
Energy (kcal)	2170·7	138·6	2275·5	120·1	0·57	−504·7^***	132·5	−448·4^***	113·9	0·75	−472·49^***	85·15
Carbohydrate (g)	226·70	17·20	250·19	14·90	0·31	−40·35^*	17·26	−46·80^**	14·85	0·78	−44·08^***	11·09
Carbohydrate (%E)	41·35	1·95	42·55	1·69	0·64	3·63	2·33	1·07	2·01	0·41	2·16	1·52
Protein (%E)	17·63	1·18	17·64	1·03	0·99	3·10^**	1·02	0·68	0·88	0·08	1·71^*	0·68
Total fat (%E)	40·85	1·74	39·58	1·51	0·58	−6·58^**	2·25	−1·58	1·93	0·10	−3·69^*	1·52
Saturated fat (%E)	13·73	0·65	13·41	0·56	0·71	−2·36^**	0·76	−1·26	0·66	0·28	−1·73^**	0·50
Cholesterol (mg/4184 kJ)	170·88	20·15	167·57	17·45	0·90	−31·09	19·48	−4·33	16·75	0·31	−15·71	12·82
Total fibre (g/4184kJ)	10·16	0·88	9·65	0·77	0·66	2·53^**	0·79	3·79^***	0·68	0·24	3·25^***	0·51
Insoluble fibre (g/4184kJ)	6·92	0·67	6·36	0·58	0·53	1·95^**	0·65	3·01^***	0·56	0·23	2·56^***	0·42
Soluble fibre (g/4184kJ)	3·16	0·34	3·20	0·30	0·92	0·52	0·35	0·77^*	0·30	0·58	0·67^**	0·23
Total sugars (g/4184kJ)	36·95	3·78	43·01	3·28	0·23	10·26^**	3·53	2·94	3·04	0·13	6·05^*	2·36
Added sugars (g/4184 kJ)	19·53	3·12	27·53	2·70	0·06	−5·13	2·71	−6·38^**	2·33	0·73	−5·85^**	1·75
Ca (mg/4184 kJ)	467·72	51·93	420·41	44·98	0·49	154·11^***	41·19	43·20	35·39	0·05	89·83^**	28·48
Vitamin D (μg/4184 kJ)	2·09	0·46	2·23	0·40	0·82	1·01^**	0·34	−0·12	0·29	0·02	0·36	0·24
Glycaemic index	61·66	1·12	61·11	0·97	0·71	−6·62^***	1·31	−4·61^***	1·13	0·25	−5·46^***	0·86
Glycaemic load	127·83	10·02	139·45	8·68	0·38	−36·12^***	9·83	−36·82^***	8·45	0·96	−36·54^***	6·30
Weight (kg)
Male	122·73	10·11	106·68	10·11	0·29	−2·51	1·27	−2·47	1·27	0·98	−2·49^**	0·86
Female	110·84	6·33	100·73	5·27	0·23	−3·96^*	1·74	−0·99	1·45	0·21	−2·20	1·13
Waist circumference (cm)
Male	128·40	6·58	115·62	6·58	0·20	−2·52	1·25	−2·84^*	1·25	0·86	−2·68^**	0·85
Female	125·77	4·93	120·72	3·97	0·43	−2·60	1·87	−1·87	1·56	0·77	−2·18	1·17
BMI (kg/m²)
Male	39·32	2·56	32·53	2·56	0·09	−0·82	0·41	−0·76	0·41	0·92	−0·79^*	0·27
Female	40·34	2·27	38·09	1·89	0·45	−1·44^*	0·65	−0·37	0·54	0·23	−0·81	0·42
HbA_1c(%)	8·84	0·46	8·86	0·40	0·98	−0·38	0·33	−0·73^**	0·28	0·43	−0·58^**	0·21

HbA_1c, glycosylated Hb; %E, percentage of energy.

Significant within-group change from baseline using contrasts based on repeated measures ANOVA.

P≤0·05

^**

P≤0·01

^***

P≤0·001.

^†

One participant in each treatment group reported low energy intake at study end due to illness and was deleted from the nutrient analysis. Both participants were included in the analysis for weight and glycaemic control.

^‡

Between-group comparison at each assessment using contrasts based on repeated measures ANOVA.