Table 2.
Summary of studies reporting the detection of alkylsuccinates [and/or alkylsuccinate synthase (assA) gene] in hydrocarbon- contaminated aquifer samples*.
| Field location | Hydrocarbon contaminant | Electron accepting condition(s) of field Site | Alkylsuccinates (and/or assA gene detected) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weld County, CO, USA | Gas condensate | Sulfate-reducing, methanogenic | Saturated: C6–C9 Unsaturated: C6–C9 assA gene detected | Gieg and Suflita, 2002; Rios-Hernandez et al., 2003; Callaghan et al., 2010 |
| Wise County, TX, USA | Natural gas liquids | Sulfate-reducing | Saturated: C3–C6 Unsaturated: C6 | Gieg and Suflita, 2002 |
| Sedgewick County, KS, USA | Gasoline range organics | Nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, methanogenic | Saturated: C5 Unsaturated: C6 | Gieg and Suflita, 2002 |
| West central AB, Canada | Flare pit site, variable hydrocarbons | Sulfate-reducing, methanogenic | Saturated: C5–C11 Unsaturated: C7 | Gieg and Suflita, 2002 |
| East central AB, Canada | Gas condensate | Nitrate-reducing, Fe- and Mn-reducing, sulfate-reducing | Saturated: C4, C6, C8 Unsaturated: C6, C7 | Gieg and Suflita, 2002 |
| Casper, WY, USA | Former refinery site, variable hydrocarbons | Sulfate-reducing, methanogenic | Saturated: C5, C6 Unsaturated: C5–C9 | Parisi et al., 2009 |
| Hickam AFB, HI, USA | Jet fuel | Sulfate-reducing, methanogenic | Saturated: C5–C9 Unsaturated: C7 | Gieg et al., 2009 |
| Passaic River, NJ, USA | Hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments | Not reported | assA gene detected | Callaghan et al., 2010 |
| Newtown Creek, NY, USA | Hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments | Not reported | assA gene detected | Callaghan et al., 2010 |
| Arthur Kill Waterway, NY/NJ, USA | Hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments | Not reported | assA gene detected | Callaghan et al., 2010 |
| Gowanus Canal, NY, USA | Hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments | Not reported | assA gene detected | Callaghan et al., 2010 |
| Rhine River Valley (Flingern aquifer), Germany | Former gas works site, tar oil-contaminated | Primarily sulfate-reducing | assA gene detected | von Netzer et al., 2013 |
| *Gulf of Mexico, USA | Crude oil | Not reported, but marine sediments | assA gene detected | Kimes et al., 2013 |
*
Deep-sea marine sediments rather than groundwater aquifer sediments.