Table 4.
Hazard Model Estimates: Relationship Between Attitudes About Children and Fertility Limitation, Women aged 15–44 in 1996, Chitwan, Nepala
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attidudes about children | ||||
| Strongly agree that a man who has ten children is a fool. | 1.25 * (1.84) | 1.22 (1.63) | ||
| It is better to have many children than to be rich. | 1.18 * (2.27) | 1.15 * (1.96) | ||
| Men who do not have any children cannot go to heaven. | 1.14 * (2.32) | 1.11 * (1.76) | ||
| Controlsa | ||||
| Index of childhood non-family experiences | 1.02 (0.53) | 1.02 (0.46) | 1.02 (0.55) | 1.01 (0.40) |
| Index of childhood community characteristics | 1.03 (0.76) | 1.05 (1.23) | 1.04 (1.03) | 1.04 (0.90) |
| Number of children born (time varying) | 1.42 *** (8.81) | 1.42 *** (8.06) | 1.41 *** (8.16) | 1.43 *** (8.63) |
| Family background | ||||
| Father's education (ever went to school) | 0.93 (−0.78) | 0.92 (−0.84) | 0.93 (−0.82) | 0.93 (−0.81) |
| Father's employment (ever had paid employment) | 1.11 (1.09) | 1.11 (1.03) | 1.11 (1.09) | 1.10 (1.02) |
| Mother's education (ever went to school) | 0.94 (−0.35) | 0.94 (−0.35) | 0.94 (−0.35) | 0.92 (−0.48) |
| Mother's children ever born | 0.98 (−0.96) | 0.98 (−1.04) | 0.98 (−0.92) | 0.98 (−1.12) |
| Parental contraceptive use (parents ever used) | 1.06 (0.51) | 1.07 (0.60) | 1.07 (0.68) | 1.05 (0.48) |
| Ethnicityb | ||||
| Lower-caste Hindu | 1.15 (0.83) | 1.16 (0.86) | 1.17 (0.92) | 1.20 (1.08) |
| Newar | 0.99 (−0.07) | 0.96 (−0.21) | 0.95 (−0.27) | 0.97 (−0.19) |
| Hill Tibeto-Burmese | 1.30 * (1.80) | 1.28 * (1.70) | 1.30 * (1.80) | 1.31 * (1.82) |
| Terai Tibeto-Burmese | 0.80 (−1.53) | 0.78 * (−1.70) | 0.76 * (−1.82) | 0.81 (−1.33) |
| Birth cohortc | ||||
| Born 1976–1972 (age 20–24 in 1996) | 0.91 (−0.87) | 0.91 (−0.82) | 0.91 (−0.88) | 0.90 (−0.93) |
| Born 1971–1967 (age 25–29 in 1996) | 0.52 *** (−3.54) | 0.53 *** (−3.43) | 0.53 *** (−3.39) | 0.53 *** (−3.48) |
| Born 1966–1952 (age 30–44 in 1996) | 0.11 *** (−8.00) | 0.12 *** (−7.44) | 0.12 *** (−7.54) | 0.12 *** (−7.81) |
| Time | ||||
| Months since hazard started | 0.99 ** (−2.47) | 0.99 ** (−2.43) | 0.99 ** (−2.44) | 0.99 ** (−2.44) |
| Months since hazard started squared | 1.00 (1.03) | 1.00 (1.00) | 1.00 (1.02) | 1.00 (1.03) |
N=55,227 person-months;
a
All models also include intercept term;
b
Reference category is Upper caste Hindu;
c
Reference group is born 1981–1977 (age 15–19 in 1996);
*
P < .05;
**
P < .01;
***
P < .001 one tailed tests
Odds ratios with z-statistics in parentheses.