Table 1.

Effect of pomegranate extracts on growth of bacteria that influence human health.

Bacteria	Pomegranate extract	Growth inhibition (−) or promotion (+)	Citation
Enteric
Escherichia coli O157:H7	Peel, bark	−	[2, 12]
Salmonella Typhi	Peel	−	[14, 15]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Peel	−	[21]
Salmonella enterica serovars	Peel		[19]
Vibrio cholerae	Peel	−	[16, 17]
Yersinia enterocolitica	Peel	−	[7]
Shigella spp.	Peel	−	[16, 18]
Shigella sonnei	Peel	−	[21]
Listeria monocytogenes	Peel, dried juice powder	−	[7, 19, 20]
Staphylococcus aureus	Peel, juice, and POMx	−	[19, 21, 22, 25]
Clostridium spp.	POMx
Probiotic
Bifidobacterium spp.	POMx	+	[24]
Lactobacillus spp.	POMx	+	[24]
Bifidobacterium breve	POMx	+	[25]
Bifidobacterium infantis	POMx	+	[25]
Wound
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Peel, flower extract	−	[27–29]
Staphylococcus aureus	Peel	−	[27–29]
Escherichia coli	Peel	−	[27–29]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Peel	−	[27–29]
Salmonella Anatum	Peel	−	[27–29]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Peel	−	[27–29]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Peel	−	[27–29]
Oral
Staphylococcus aureus	Peel	−	[30]
Staphylococcus epidermidis	Peel	−	[30]
Streptococcus mutans	Peel	−	[30, 31]
Streptococcus salivarius	Peel	−	[30]
Streptococcus sanguis	Peel	−	[31]
Streptococcus mitis	Peel	−	[31]
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Peel	−	[32, 33]
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	Peel	−	[32]
Prevotella intermedia	Peel	−	[33]
Proteus spp.	Peel	−	[34]
Drug resistant
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus	Peel	−	[35–41]
Acinetobacter baumannii	Peel	−	[42]
Helicobacter pylori	Peel	−	[43]