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Mean time in seconds (±standard deviation) measured from the onset of swallowing (closure of the epiglottis) in 11 healthy dogs [7].
| Action | Liquid | Kibble |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum pharyngeal contraction | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 |
| Upper esophageal sphincter opening | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
| Upper esophageal sphincter closure | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.06 |
| Epiglottic reopening |
0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.30 ± 0.02 |
