Figure 1.

Illustration of three distinct social learning systems. The observation of reinforcing feedback delivered to others elicits reward prediction error signaling in the striatum and vmPFC (blue). Action observation prediction errors, representing deviations by others from predicted actions, have been reported in posterior dmPFC, bilateral dlPFC, and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (yellow). In contrast, anterior dmPFC and TPJ/posterior STS (red) are implicated in the updating of hidden mental state representations during strategic interactions, as opposed to observable action prediction representations.