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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Affect Disord. 2013 Mar 19;149(0):259–268. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.039

Table 1.

Review of previous BDI-II factor structures

Clinical Samples
Study Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996) Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck (1998) Steer, Ball, Ranieri, & Beck (1999) Bedi, Koopman, & Thompson (2001) Osman, Kopper, Barrios, Gutierrez, & Bagge (2004) Buckley, Parker, & Heggie (2001)
Sample Psychiatric Outpatients (N=500) Adoles Psychiatric Outpatients (N=210) Depressed Outpatients (N=210) Women with MDD (N=390) Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients (N=408) Substance Abusers (N=416)
BDI-II Sample Means 22.45 18.23 (Girls=20.63, Boys=15.83) 28.64 (Men=26.7, Women=30.6) 29.60 17.75 (Girls=20.49, Boys=15.02) (Afr-Amer=22.1, Caucasian =24.5
1. Sadness 1 2 2 2 1 1
2. Pessimism 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. Past failure 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. Loss of pleasure 2 2 2 2 1 2
5. Guilty feelings 1 3 1 1 1 1
6. Punishment feelings 1 3 1 1 1 1
7. Self-dislike 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. Self-criticalness 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. Suicidal thoughts or wishes 1 1 1 1 1 1
10. Crying 2 3&2 2 2 none 2
11. Agitation 2 2&1 2 2 2 3
12. Loss of interest 2 2 2 2 1 2
13. Indecisiveness 2 1 2 2 1 2
14. Worthlessness 1 1 1 1 1 1
15. Loss of energy 2 2 2 2 2 3
16. Changes in sleeping pattern 2 2 2 2 2 3
17. Irritability 2 2 2 2 2&1 3
18. Changes in appetite 2 2 2 2 2 3
19. Concentration difficulty 2 1 2 2 2 3
20. Tiredness or fatigue 2 2 2 2 2 3
21. Loss of interest in sex 2 none 2 2 2 3
Factors (% variance explained) 1: Cognitive 1: Cognitive 1: Cognitive 1: NegativTheory 1: Cog-Aff (29.29%) 1: Cognitive
2: Som-Aff 2: Som-Aff 2: Non-Cognitive 2: Loss & Impairment 2: Som (12.80%) 2: Affective
3: Guilt/Punishm 3: Somatic
Total % Variance Explained 44% 42.09%
Community Samples
Study Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996)1 Osman, Downs, Barrios, Kopper, Gutierrez, & Chiros (1997)2 Steer, & Clark (1997) Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, (1998) Whisman, Perez, & Ramel, (2000) Arnau, Meag her, Norris (2001) Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004)
Sample Undergraduate College Students (N=120) Undergraduate College Students (N=230) Undergraduate College Students (N=160) Undergraduate College Women (N=328) Undergraduate College Students (N=576) Primary Care Medical Patients (N=340) Hong Kong Community Adolescents (N=486)
BDI-II Sample Means 11.09 (Men=9.41, Women=11.88) 11.86 9.11 8.36 8.74 13.12
1. Sadness 1 1 1 2&1 1 2 2
2. Pessimism - 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. Past failure 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. Loss of pleasure 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
5. Guilty feelings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6. Punishment feelings 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7. Self-dislike 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. Self-criticalness 1 1 1 1 1 none 1
9. Suicidal thoughts or wishes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10. Crying 1 1&3 1 2 1 1 2
11. Agitation 1 3 2 2 1 2 2
12. Loss of interest 1 2 1&2 2 1 2 2
13. Indecisiveness 1 2 1 1 1 2 2
14. Worthlessness 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
15. Loss of energy 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
16. Changes in sleeping pattern 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
17. Irritability 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
18. Changes in appetite 2 3 2 2 2 2 3
19. Concentration difficulty 2 2 2 1&2 2 2 2
20. Tiredness or fatigue 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21. Loss of interest in sex none 3 1 2 1 2 not included
Factors (% variance explained) 1: Cog-Aff 1: Negative Attitude 1: Cog-Aff 1: Cog-Aff (35%) 1: Cog-Aff 1: Cognitive 1: Negative Attitude
2: Somatic 2: Perf Difficulty 2: Som (17%) 2: Som-Veg (6%) 2: Somatic 2: Som-Aff 2: Perf Difficulty
3: Somatic 3: Somatic
Total % Variance Explained 45% 53.50 %
Postpartum Samples
Study Mahmud, Awang, Herman, & Mohamed (2004) Bos, et al. (2009) Bos, et al. (2009) Present study
Sample Postpartum women (N=354) Postpartum Women (N=354) Postpartum Women (N=354) Postpartum Women (N=475)
BDI-II Sample Means 4.43 Sample means not provided Sample means not provided 10.87
1. Sadness 3 2 1 2
2. Pessimism 3 2 1 1
3. Past failure 1 2 3 1
4. Loss of pleasure 3 2 1 2
5. Guilty feelings 2 2 3 1
6. Punishment feelings 1 2 3 1
7. Self-dislike 1 2 1 1
8. Self-criticalness 2 2 1 1
9. Suicidal thoughts or wishes 1 2 1 1
10. Crying 2 1 2 2
11. Agitation 2 1 2 2
12. Loss of interest 2 2 1 2
13. Indecisiveness 2 1 2 2
14. Worthlessness 1 2 1 1
15. Loss of energy 3 1 2 3
16. Changes in sleeping pattern 3 1 2 3
17. Irritability 2 1 2 3
18. Changes in appetite 2 1 2 3
19. Concentration difficulty 3 1 2 3
20. Tiredness or fatigue 3 1 2 3
21. Loss of interest in sex 3 1 2 3
Factors (% variance explained) 1: Cognitiv (12.2%) 1: Som-Anx (21.4%) 1: Cog-Aff (20.6%) 1: Cognitive (36.8%)
2: Affective (16.7%) 2: Cog-Aff (21.3%) 2: Som-Anx (19.8%) 2: Affective (5.0%)
3: Somatic (14.6%) 3: Guilt (9.0%) 3: Somatic (7.3%)
Total % Variance Explained 43.56% 42.7% 49.40%
1

Their factor solution is the same as the 2-factor solution obtained by Storch, Roberti, & Roth (2004).

2

Their factor solution is the same as the 3-factor solution obtained by Carmody (2005).