Table 2. HDAC inhibitors and activators and their effect on autophagy.

HDAC inhibitors	Specificity	Used model system	Effect	Targeted proteins	Refs.
SAHA	Class I, II and IV HDACs	Endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and (ESS1)	Induction of caspase-independent autophagic cell death	HDAC7	27
		HeLa cells	Hyperacetylation of tubulin, increased LC3-I to LC3-II conversion	Not specified	20
		Chondrosarcoma cell lines	Induction of autophagic cell death	Not specified	41
		Mouse neuronal cells	Induction of autophagy	HDAC6	42
Longevinex		Rat, isolated heart	Induction of autophagy, phosphorylation of FOXOs	SIRT1 SIRT3	37
FK228		HeLa cells	Induction of autophagy increased LC3-I to LC3-II conversion	HDAC1	20
		Malignant rhabdoid tumor cells	Induction of autophagy by redistribution of AIFM1 to the nucleus	Not specified	43
Valproic acid (VPA)	Class I and class IIa HDACs	Glioma cells	Induction of autophagy trough induction of oxidative stress pathway	Not specified	44
		Yeast	Atg19-dependent autophagic degradation of SAE2	Gcn5/SAGA	45
butyrate	Class I and IIa HDACs	Mammalian colon cells	Induction of autophagy	Not specified	46
Butyrate and SAHA	Class I-IV HDACs	HeLa cells	Induction of autophagic cell death	Not specified	47
H40 and SAHA	HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC4	Prostate cancer PC-3M cells	Autophagic cell death by upregulation of CDKN1A	HDAC3 and HDAC4?	48
MS-275	HDAC1,HDAC2 HDAC3	MPNST cell lines	Induction of autophagy (MPNST survival mechanism)		49
LBH589	HDAC4 and HDAC5	Waldenström macroglubulinemia lymphoma cells	Induction of autophagy	HDAC4 and HDAC5	26
Tubacin	HDAC6 tubulin deacetylase activity	MEF	Autophagy inhibition	HDAC6	50
Sirtinol	SIRT1 inhibition	Lung epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages	Augmentation of cigarette smoke_induced autophagy	SIRT1	51
Spermidine	Not known	Human colon cancer cells, yeast, C. elegans	Induction of autophagy	Independent of SIRT1/Sir2/sir-2.1	52
		HeLa celles, flies	Induction of autophagy		53
Resveratrol	Sirt1 inducer	Lung epithelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages	Attenuation of cigarette smoke-induced autophagy	SIRT1	51
		Human colon cancer cells, yeast, C. elegans	Induction of autophagy	SIRT1/Sir2/sir-2.1	52