Table 5.
Percent changea (p-values) in dust concentrations of PAHs associated with a unit increase in each of the fixed effects included in the saturated hierarchical mixed-effects model (model 6b).
| PAH | Neighborhood covariates | Residential covariates | Temporal covariates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ambient PAH from area sources, per ΔIQRc | Ambient PAH from mobile sources, per ΔIQRd | Reported smoking | Residence construction date, per 10 years | Apartment residence | Shoe removal | Carpet coverage < 25% | Residential area < 1,750 ft2 | Combustion-based heating | Interview date, per year | Laboratory analysis date, per 30 batches | |
| Phenanthrene | 3 (0.84) | 7 (0.54) | 27 (0.04)* | –2 (0.35) | 22 (0.38) | –4 (0.67) | 8 (0.47) | 4 (0.67) | 3 (0.77) | –1 (0.59) | –4 (0.60) |
| Anthracene | 8 (0.51) | 16 (0.15) | 39 (0.005)* | 2 (0.37) | 45 (0.08) | 4 (0.67) | 7 (0.52) | 0 (0.99) | –3 (0.76) | 1 (0.23) | –13 (0.07) |
| Fluoranthene | 12 (0.32) | –7 (0.53) | 47 (0.001)* | –6 (0.01)* | 57 (0.04)* | –5 (0.53) | 17 (0.13) | 1 (0.93) | 7 (0.43) | 0 (0.95) | –11 (0.10) |
| Pyrene | 11 (0.31) | 5 (0.63) | 33 (0.005)* | –3 (0.07) | 52 (0.02)* | –4 (0.59) | 10 (0.29) | –2 (0.79) | 4 (0.63) | 1 (0.19) | –11 (0.07) |
| Benzo[a]anthracene | 25 (0.10) | 4 (0.74) | 59 (0.001)* | –5 (0.04)* | 103 (0.01)* | –10 (0.26) | 22 (0.10) | 0 (0.97) | 11 (0.28) | –1 (0.39) | –6 (0.50) |
| Chrysene | 16 (0.18) | –1 (0.94) | 44 (0.001)* | –6 (0.01)* | 73 (0.01)* | –9 (0.24) | 21 (0.06) | –3 (0.70) | 10 (0.22) | 1 (0.62) | –4 (0.52) |
| Benzo[b]fluoranthene | 31 (0.04)* | 2 (0.84) | 50 (0.002)* | –5 (0.03)* | 80 (0.01)* | –10 (0.21) | 14 (0.26) | 1 (0.91) | 9 (0.33) | –3 (0.01)* | –2 (0.81) |
| Benzo[k]fluoranthene | 30 (0.05) | –5 (0.72) | 49 (0.004)* | –5 (0.03)* | 90 (0.01)* | –10 (0.23) | 16 (0.22) | 2 (0.83) | 10 (0.29) | –3 (0.01)* | 14 (0.08) |
| Benzo[a]pyrene | 39 (0.02)* | 11 (0.44) | 47 (0.01)* | –5 (0.07) | 122 (0.002)* | –8 (0.37) | 11 (0.40) | –3 (0.78) | 12 (0.26) | –3 (0.01)* | 3 (0.76) |
| Indeno[1,2,3-c,d] pyrene | 42 (0.01)* | 16 (0.24) | 48 (0.004)* | –4 (0.08) | 100 (0.01)* | –12 (0.15) | 10 (0.43) | –5 (0.62) | 10 (0.28) | –5 (< 0.001)* | 4 (0.61) |
| Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene | 31 (0.03)* | 20 (0.13) | 47 (0.003)* | –4 (0.08) | 77 (0.02)* | –13 (0.11) | 10 (0.41) | –3 (0.74) | 12 (0.21) | –4 (< 0.001)* | 29 (0.001)* |
| Benzo[g,h,i]perylene | 37 (0.004)* | 37 (0.002)* | 29 (0.02)* | –3 (0.17) | 77 (0.01)* | –8 (0.23) | 3 (0.73) | –9 (0.26) | 10 (0.23) | –4 (< 0.001)* | –8 (0.19) |
| IQR, interquartile range. PAHs are ordered by molecular weight from lightest to heaviest. aPercent change = 100 × [exp(β)–1], where β are the regression coefficients from model 6 (i.e., r1’-r11’). bModel 6 was fit for 451 observations including 405 samples collected from 204 homes during repeat sampling rounds and 46 duplicate samples, excluding 139 observations without covariate data (40 interbatch quality control replicates and 89 samples with 10 duplicates from homes that were sampled during round 1 only). cPercent change in dust concentrations of PAHs associated with an IQR increase in ambient PAH from area sources [i.e., from 25th percentile (0.73 ng/m3) to 75th percentile (2.5 ng/m3)]. dPercent change in dust concentrations of PAHs associated with an IQR increase in ambient PAH from mobile sources [i.e., from 25th percentile (2.2 ng/m3) to 75th percentile (9.2 ng/m3)]. *p < 0.05. | |||||||||||