Table 1.
Blood lead concentration and walking speed (mean ± SD) for women and men according to demographic, anthropomorphic, lifestyle, and medical history.
| Characteristics | Women | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants [n (%)] | Blood lead (μg/dL) | Walking speed (ft/sec) | Participants [n (%)] | Blood lead (μg/dL) | Walking speed (ft/sec) | |
| Overall | 1,798 (100) | 2.17 ± 0.04 | 3.31 ± 0.03 | 1795 | 3.18 ± 0.08 | 3.47 ± 0.03 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 50–54 | 308 (17.1) | 1.84 ± 0.05 | 3.69 ± 0.06 | 303 (16.9) | 2.79 ± 0.10 | 3.77 ± 0.05 |
| 55–59 | 213 (11.8) | 1.99 ± 0.08 | 3.59 ± 0.06 | 217 (12.1) | 2.74 ± 0.14 | 3.64 ± 0.05 |
| 60–64 | 354 (19.7) | 2.09 ± 0.12 | 3.33 ± 0.05 | 328 (18.3) | 3.28 ± 0.37 | 3.53 ± 0.05 |
| 65–69 | 271 (15.1) | 2.06 ± 0.12 | 3.26 ± 0.06 | 271 (15.1) | 3.02 ± 0.12 | 3.45 ± 0.07 |
| 70–74 | 246 (13.7) | 2.25 ± 0.10 | 3.05 ± 0.07 | 253 (14.1) | 3.34 ± 0.26 | 3.25 ± 0.06 |
| 75–79 | 162 (9.0) | 2.23 ± 0.12 | 2.94 ± 0.08 | 183 (10.2) | 3.02 ± 0.14 | 3.04 ± 0.04 |
| ≥ 80 | 244 (13.6) | 2.50 ± 0.10 | 2.57 ± 0.05 | 240 (13.4) | 3.42 ± 0.10 | 2.74 ± 0.05 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than 9th grade | 355 (19.8) | 2.47 ± 0.15 | 2.67 ± 0.05 | 385 (21.5) | 3.53 ± 0.17 | 3.00 ± 0.05 |
| 9th–11th grade | 315 (17.6) | 2.14 ± 0.12 | 3.06 ± 0.05 | 291 (16.2) | 3.60 ± 0.14 | 3.21 ± 0.06 |
| High school graduate | 453 (25.3) | 2.14 ± 0.08 | 3.25 ± 0.04 | 364 (20.3) | 3.02 ± 0.10 | 3.38 ± 0.03 |
| Some college or associate’s degree | 424 (23.6) | 1.88 ± 0.05 | 3.45 ± 0.04 | 358 (20.0) | 3.03 ± 0.26 | 3.55 ± 0.05 |
| College graduate and above | 246 (13.7) | 2.01 ± 0.08 | 3.78 ± 0.05 | 393 (21.9) | 2.53 ± 0.14 | 3.78 ± 0.04 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Mexican American | 362 (21.1) | 2.13 ± 0.17 | 3.13 ± 0.07 | 347 (19.3) | 3.10 ± 0.15 | 3.22 ± 0.05 |
| Other Hispanic | 84 (4.7) | 2.17 ± 0.15 | 2.83 ± 0.08 | 73 (4.1) | 3.86 ± 1.37 | 3.29 ± 0.10 |
| Whites (non–Hispanic) | 1,010 (56.2) | 2.04 ± 0.05 | 3.38 ± 0.04 | 1,066 (59.4) | 2.89 ± 0.07 | 3.54 ± 0.03 |
| Black (non–Hispanic) | 290 (16.1) | 2.42 ± 0.10 | 2.98 ± 0.04 | 272 (15.2) | 4.00 ± 0.25 | 3.11 ± 0.04 |
| Other | 52 (2.9) | 2.11 ± 0.24 | 3.24 ± 0.16 | 37 (2.1) | 2.51 ± 0.21 | 3.28 ± 0.12 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoker | 1,063 (59.3) | 1.91 ± 0.05 | 3.28 ± 0.04 | 461 (25.7) | 2.71 ± 0.25 | 3.55 ± 0.04 |
| Past smoker | 485 (27.0) | 2.17 ± 0.07 | 3.36 ± 0.05 | 924 (51.6) | 2.90 ± 0.07 | 3.48 ± 0.03 |
| Current smoker | 244 (13.6) | 2.51 ± 0.09 | 3.31 ± 0.04 | 372 (20.8) | 3.57 ± 0.11 | 3.42 ± 0.04 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Never drinker | 465 (26.3) | 1.90 ± 0.05 | 3.03 ± 0.06 | 122 (6.9) | 2.13 ± 0.17 | 3.34 ± 0.07 |
| Past drinker | 464 (26.2) | 2.08 ± 0.08 | 3.22 ± 0.05 | 233 (13.1) | 2.60 ± 0.11 | 3.39 ± 0.07 |
| Current drinker light | 605 (34.2) | 2.03 ± 0.07 | 3.53 ± 0.04 | 790 (44.6) | 2.98 ± 0.16 | 3.56 ± 0.03 |
| Current drinker heavy | 81 (4.6) | 2.81 ± 0.18 | 3.66 ± 0.07 | 278 (15.7) | 3.70 ± 0.12 | 3.62 ± 0.05 |
| Height (cm)a | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 604 (34.0) | 2.22 ± 0.08 | 2.99 ± 0.04 | 590 (33.4) | 3.25 ± 0.25 | 3.26 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 2 | 583 (32.8) | 2.09 ± 0.07 | 3.32 ± 0.07 | 587 (33.3) | 3.04 ± 0.13 | 3.45 ± 0.05 |
| Tertile 3 | 589 (33.2) | 1.96 ± 0.05 | 3.52 ± 0.04 | 588 (33.3) | 2.85 ± 0.07 | 3.66 ± 0.04 |
| Waist circumference (cm)b | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 595 (33.5) | 2.17 ± 0.08 | 3.53 ± 0.05 | 591 (33.4) | 3.44 ± 0.23 | 3.53 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 2 | 595 (33.5) | 2.06 ± 0.08 | 3.31 ± 0.05 | 590 (33.4) | 2.88 ± 0.10 | 3.54 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 3 | 588 (33.1) | 2.01 ± 0.06 | 3.09 ± 0.04 | 588 (33.2) | 2.75 ± 0.08 | 3.39 ± 0.05 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L)c | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 599 (33.4) | 1.78 ± 0.04 | 3.53 ± 0.04 | 598 (33.4) | 2.61 ± 0.10 | 3.66 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 2 | 596 (33.3) | 2.02 ± 0.06 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | 594 (33.2) | 3.00 ± 0.18 | 3.48 ± 0.05 |
| Tertile 3 | 596 (33.3) | 2.47 ± 0.08 | 3.04 ± 0.06 | 596 (33.3) | 3.52 ± 0.12 | 3.25 ± 0.04 |
| C–reactive protein (mg/dL)d | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 612 (34.7) | 2.19 ± 0.07 | 3.44 ± 0.05 | 616 (34.7) | 2.76 ± 0.08 | 3.63 ± 0.03 |
| Tertile 2 | 573 (32.5) | 2.09 ± 0.06 | 3.33 ± 0.04 | 590 (33.3) | 3.20 ± 0.22 | 3.47 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 3 | 580 (32.9) | 1.94 ± 0.07 | 3.14 ± 0.04 | 567 (32.0) | 3.12 ± 0.09 | 3.30 ± 0.04 |
| Metabolic equivalents task scoree | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 752 (41.8) | 2.42 ± 0.06 | 2.85 ± 0.05 | 537 (29.9) | 3.47 ± 0.17 | 2.97 ± 0.06 |
| Tertile 2 | 504 (28.0) | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 3.31 ± 0.04 | 609 (33.9) | 3.25 ± 0.15 | 3.37 ± 0.04 |
| Tertile 3 | 542 (30.1) | 2.09 ± 0.07 | 3.41 ± 0.03 | 649 (36.2) | 3.10 ± 0.08 | 3.43 ± 0.03 |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 819 (45.6) | 2.15 ± 0.07 | 3.13 ± 0.05 | 629 (35.0) | 3.23 ± 0.12 | 3.35 ± 0.05 |
| No | 979 (54.4) | 2.03 ± 0.04 | 3.43 ± 0.03 | 1,166 (65.0) | 2.92 ± 0.11 | 3.53 ± 0.03 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 256 (14.2) | 2.05 ± 0.10 | 2.91 ± 0.06 | 281 (15.7) | 2.39 ± 0.13 | 3.17 ± 0.06 |
| No | 1,542 (85.8) | 2.08 ± 0.04 | 3.36 ± 0.03 | 1,514 (84.3) | 3.10 ± 0.09 | 3.52 ± 0.03 |
| Arthritis | ||||||
| Yes | 853 (47.4) | 2.09 ± 0.06 | 3.09 ± 0.04 | 621 (34.6) | 2.98 ± 0.10 | 3.37 ± 0.04 |
| No | 945 (52.6) | 2.07 ± 0.05 | 3.50 ± 0.03 | 1,174 (65.4) | 3.03 ± 0.11 | 3.54 ± 0.05 |
| Heart condition | ||||||
| Yes | 227 (12.6) | 2.31 ± 0.14 | 2.93 ± 0.08 | 344 (19.2) | 2.87 ± 0.09 | 3.22 ± 0.04 |
| No | 1,571 (87.4) | 2.05 ± 0.04 | 3.36 ± 0.03 | 1,451 (80.8) | 3.04 ± 0.10 | 3.54 ± 0.03 |
| aMean values ± SD in women and men, respectively: 160.7 ± 0.20 and 174.9 ± 0.15 cm. Tertile ranges (cm) in women and men, respectively: tertile 1, 25.6–156.4 and 136.7–156.4; tertile 2, 156.5–162.5 and 170.1–176.4; tertile 3, 162.6–183.9 and 176.5–195.6.bMean values ± SD in women and men, respectively: 96.0 ± 0.55 and 103.4 ± 0.40 cm. Tertile ranges (cm) in women and men, respectively: tertile 1, 58.5–89.3 and 66.7–97.0; tertile 2, 89.4–101.8 and 97.1–107.1; tertile 3, 101.9–147.5 and 107.2–157.0.cMean values ± SD in women and men, respectively: 9.07 ± 0.09 and 10.29 ± 0.11 μmol/L. Tertile ranges (μmol/L) in women and men, respectively: tertile 1, 1.65–7.33 and 2.97–8.61; tertile 2, 7.34–9.48 and 8.62–10.99; tertile 3, 9.49–156.3 and 11.00–83.64.dMean values ± SD in women and men, respectively: 0.56 ± 0.02 and 0.42 ± 0.03 mg/dL. Tertile ranges (mg/dL) in women and men, respectively: tertile 1, 0.01–0.22 and 0.01–0.14; tertile 2, 0.22–0.54 and 0.15–0.36; tertile 3 0.55–29.6 and 0.37–16.00.eMean values ± SD in women and men, respectively: 82.3 ± 75.9 and 90.2 ± 76.3 units. Tertile ranges (units) in women and men, respectively: tertile 1, 0–45 and 0–45; tertile 2, 16.5–82.5 and 46.0–82.5; tertile 3, 83.5–1398.0 and 83.0–1398.0. | ||||||