Table 2.
Methods of assessment of SD with depression and anxiety in quantitative studies with women in low- and middle-income countries
| Study | Type of somatof orm disorder |
Metho d of assess ment |
Prevalence of SD |
Type of CMD |
Method of assessme nt |
Prevale nce of CMD |
Measure of association of SD with CMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Ball et al. 2010) | Fatigue | Chalder Fatigue Questio nnaire |
Abnormal Fatigue: 28.6 % (26.7%- 30.5%) Prolonged Fatigue: 1.0% (0.6%- 1.4%) |
Depre ssion |
CIDI | Not reported |
Bivariate Correlation of fatigue with lifetime depressive disorder Abnormal Fatigue: 0.39 (0.32 to 0.47) Prolonged Fatigue: 0.33 (0.13 to 0.53) |
| (Deveci et al. 2007)* | Conversi on Disorder |
(CIDI) Somati zation subscal e |
Lifetime prevalence of Conversion disorder: 5.6% |
Depre ssion |
DSM-IV SCID-I Clinical Version |
Not reported |
23% of patients with Conversion Disorder had depressive disorder |
| (Gulec et al. 2007) | Fibromya lgia |
Fibrom yalgia Impact Questio nnaire (FIQ) |
Not reported | Depre ssion and anxiet y |
Beck Depressio n Inventory (BDI) Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) |
Not reported |
BDI score: Fibromyalgia patients (mean) 21.6 vs. Fibromyalgia non- patients (mean) 18.6 vs. healthy controls (mean) 10.0 BAI score: Fibromyalgia patients (mean) 32.5 vs. Fibromyalgia non-patients (mean) 27.4 vs. healthy controls (mean) 16.1 |
| (Guven et al. 2005) | Fibromya lgia |
Diagno sis based on Americ an College of Rheum atology criteria |
Not reported | Depre ssion |
Beck Depressio n Inventory (BDI) |
Not reported |
Prevalence of depression Fibromyalgia patients=90% Control group=51.8% |
| (Hollifield et al. 2008) | somatic symptom s |
New Mexico Refuge e Sympto m Checkli st-41 (NMSC L–41) |
Number of somatic symptoms (Mean and SD): 9.8 (9.1) |
Depre ssion, Anxiet y and PTSD |
Hopkins Symptom Checklist– 25 (HSCL– 25) and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale – Self report |
Prevalen ce Depressi on: 19.1% Anxiety: 40.4% PTSD: 25.5% |
Correlation of Somatic symptoms with Depression: 0.58 Anxiety: 0.69 PTSD:0.56 |
| (Illanes et al. 2002) | Somatic symptom s |
Self- designe d questio nnaire about somatic sympto ms |
Not reported | Depre ssion |
Center for Epidemiol ogical Surveillan ce for Depressio n (CES-D) |
43% | OR for association of somatic symptoms with depression: 3.2 |
| (Kostick et al. 2010) | Vaginal discharg e |
Patient report |
Not reported | Psych osoci al stress |
30 item scale developed from qualitative study |
Not reported |
OR for association of vaginal discharge with general tension:2.5 (0.9-25.3) |
| (Martinez et al. 1995) | Fibromya lgia |
Diagno sis based on Americ an College of Rheum atology criteria |
Not reported | Depre ssion and anxiet y |
Hamilton Depressio n and Anxiety Scale |
Not reported |
Prevalence of depression Fibromyalgia patients=80% Control group=12% |
| (McMillan et al. 2010) | Orofacial pain and widespre ad pain |
Patient questio nnaire |
Not reported | Depre ssion |
Chinese version of the depressio n and somatizati on subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL- 90) |
Not reported |
OR for association of orofacial pain with depression:3.5 (1.9- 6.3) OR for association of widespread pain with depression:3.5 (1.6-7.6) |
| (Mumford et al. 1996) | Somatic symptom s |
Bradfor d Somati c Invento ry (BSI- 21) |
Women with BSI scores in middle, high or very high range (BSI scores 14- 42): 82% |
Depre ssion and anxiet y |
Psychiatri c Assessme nt Schedule based on Present State Examinati on and lCD 10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research |
Not reported |
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with high (21- 27) or very high (28-42) BSI scores: 60% |
| (Mumford et al. 1997) | Somatic symptom s |
Bradfor d Somati c Invento ry (BSI- 44) and Self Reporti ng Questio nnaire (SRQ- 20) |
Women with BSI scores in middle or high range (BSI scores 26-88): 82% Women with SRQ scores in middle and high range (SRQ scores 6-20): 76% |
Depre ssion and anxiet y |
Psychiatri c Assessme nt Schedule based on Present State Examinati on and lCD 10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research |
Not reported |
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with middle or high range scores on BSI or SRQ scores: 66% |
| (Mumford et al. 2000) | Somatic symptom s |
Bradfor d Somati c Invento ry (BSI- 44) |
Women with BSI scores in middle or high range (BSI scores above 20): 28% |
Depre ssion and anxiet y |
Psychiatri c Assessme nt Schedule based on Present State Examinati on and lCD 10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research |
Not reported |
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with middle or high range scores on BSI: 25% |
| (Patel et al. 2005) | Vaginal discharg e |
Patient report |
Prevalence of vaginal discharge: 14.5% (13.1%– 15.9%) |
Depre ssion and anxiet y |
CISR | Prevalen ce of depressi on and anxiety: 9.9% (CISR cut-off >=8) |
OR for association of vaginal discharge with depression and anxiety:2.2 (1.4-3.2) |
| (Patel et al. 2006) | Vaginal discharg e |
Patient report |
Incidence of vaginal discharge: 4.0% (3.2%– 5.0%) |
Depre ssion and anxiet y |
CISR | Prevalen ce of depressi on and anxiety: 9.9% (CISR cut-off >=5) |
OR for association of vaginal discharge with depression and anxiety:2.2 (1.4-3.4) |
| (Senturk et al. 2012) | Somatic symptom s |
PHQ | Prevalence of pregnant women who reported one or more PHQ somatic symptoms that bothered them ‘a lot’: Antenatal period:21.7% Postnatal period: 24.8% |
CMD | SRQ-20 | Prevalen ce of depressi on and anxiety in pregnant women: ntenata l period: 12% Postnata l period: 4.6% |
Correlation coefficient between somatic symptoms and CMD symptoms: Antenatal period: 0.606 Postnatal period: 0.583 Relative Risk for prospective association of antenatal somatic symptoms and postnatal CMD: 1.12 (1.08-1.16) Relative Risk for association of Antenatal CMD with postnatal somatic symptoms: 1.05 (1.02- 1.09) |
*
The data presented is not disaggregated by gender, but we included it as 86.9% of the individuals with conversion disorder were women.