Table 2.

Descriptives for passives produced by children [adults] from each language group.

Measure	Kigiriama	Kiswahili (Coast)	Kiswahili (Nairobi)	All data
Proportion of indicative utterances containing a passive	.048 (.050) [.073,.035]	.054 (.042) [.062,.019]	.030 (.016) [.041,.027]	.045 (.037) [.058,.027]
Proportion of indicative utterances containing a non- repetitive passive	.061 (.085)	.074 (.054)	.078 (.089)	.072 (.064)
Earliest occurrence of a passive	2;10	2;1	1;9	1;9
Earliest productive occurrence of a passive (by any single criterion)	2;10	2;1	2;1	2;1
Proportion of passives that are non-actional	.83 (.24)	.13 (.21)	.49 (.25)	.36 (.35)
Examples of productive passive with same verb in active form produced by same child	Japewa mukoba I have been given a bag Mpe amarigize Give her so she finishes up	Angalia yule Ibrahim yuapigwa Look at him Ibrahim he is being hit Akupiga wapi? Where did he hit you?	Ye lipigwa He was hit Taipiga I will hit it
Example of actional passive	Jadumba I have been injected	Haya ona baba andikwa OK look daddy it is written	Navaalishwa I am being dressed
Example of non- actional passive	Faambiywa ni ho fushiupige We are being told by Grandma we shouldn’t kick it	Yuaitwa na mamake basi. She is being called by her mother, OK	Tafa unaitwa Tafa you are being called

Figures show mean (s.d.) for children, [mean, s.d. for adults].