Table 1.
Bulk concentrations, contents and the section-specific concentrations of the elements in whole grain of wheat grown in non-fertilized and Zn-fertilized soil. Data are means ± standard errors. Bulk concentrations were measured with ICP-MS and ICP-OES; n = 4. Total element content was calculated by multiplying bulk element concentration with grain yield. Section-specific concentrations were calculated from numerical matrices generated by GeoPIXEII software from micro-PIXE scans at each grain cross section using the ImageJ program [22]; n = 3. LOD, below the limit of detection.
bulk concentrations (mg kg−1) |
content (µg plant−1) |
section-specific concentrations (mg kg−1) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
non-fertilized | Zn-fertilized | non-fertilized | Zn-fertilized | non-fertilized | Zn-fertilized | |
Na | 34.3 ± 1.52 | 28.2 ± 1.09a | 119 ± 5.27 | 83.4 ± 3.23a | LOD | LOD |
Mg | 2460 ± 138 | 2340 ± 82.7 | 8570 ± 479 | 6920 ± 244a | 2560 ± 155 | 2630 ± 1370 |
P | 7210 ± 265 | 6290 ± 228a | 25 100 ± 921 | 18 600 ± 675a | 7410 ± 2180 | 6480 ± 1470 |
S | 2270 ± 17.7 | 2310 ± 47.8 | 7910 ± 61.5 | 6830 ± 141 | 1220 ± 495 | 1650 ± 657 |
K | 6110 ± 325 | 5560 ± 254 | 21 270 ± 1130 | 16 400 ± 751a | 7390 ± 1210 | 5380 ± 845 |
Ca | 323 ± 12.8 | 461 ± 22.2a | 1120 ± 44.4 | 1360 ± 65.6a | 502 ± 33.8 | 695 ± 43.9 |
Mn | 10.3 ± 0.38 | 9.89 ± 0.74 | 35.7 ± 1.31 | 29.2 ± 2.19a | 23.2 ± 7.46 | 13.6 ± 0.76 |
Fe | 68.8 ± 3.60 | 118 ± 16.7a | 240 ± 12.5 | 349 ± 49.4a | 87.7 ± 14.0 | 130 ± 13.4 |
Cu | 10.3 ± 0.40 | 9.65 ± 0.78 | 35.8 ± 1.38 | 28.5 ± 2.29a | 17.7 ± 3.70 | 13.8 ± 0.92 |
Mo | 8.20 ± 0.28 | 6.32 ± 0.13a | 28.5 ± 0.97 | 18.7 ± 0.39a | LOD | LOD |
Zn | 89.5 ± 5.49 | 220 ± 25.1a | 311 ± 19.10 | 651 ± 74.2a | 141 ± 30.9 | 241 ± 10.9 |
Cd | 1.06 ± 0.28 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 3.67 ± 0.96 | 2.45 ± 0.17a | LOD | LOD |
Pb | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.10 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | LOD | LOD |
aStatistically significant differences between non-fertilized and Zn-fertilized plants (Student's t-test, p < 0.05).