Table 1.

Characteristics of Bangkok and Mae Sot groups.

Variable	Bangkok		Mae Sot
	Males	Females	Males	Females
No. of persons	199	200	3,021	3,726
Age (years, mean ± SD)	32.9 ± 8.8*	36.9 ± 10	47.7 ± 16.6*	46.4 ± 15.2
Smoking status (%)
Never smokers	59.3	100	27.2	77.2
Former smokers	0	0	20.9	7.4
Current smokers
Light to moderate	40.7	0	9.2	4.4
Heavy	0	0	42.7	11.0
U‑Cd (µg/g creatinine, GM ± SD)	0.40 ± 0.46*	0.50 ± 0.46	1.65 ± 2.40*	2.10 ± 2.91
U‑Cd ≥ 1 µg/g creatinine (%)
Never smokers	5.9	22.5	58.0	76.0
Former and current smokers	13.6	0	77.2	94.9
U‑Cd ≥ 5 µg/g creatinine (%)
Never smokers	0	0	4.9	12
Former and current smokers	0	0	10.4	26.5
Light-to-moderate smokers, 10–25 cigarettes/day; heavy smokers, 26–80 cigarettes/day. *p < 0.001 compared with females in each population.