TABLE 2—

Relationship of Selected Characteristics of the Lifetime Nonsmoking US Adult Population With Moderate or Severe Periodontitis: NHANES 1999–2004

Characteristic	Prevalence of Periodontitis, % (SE)	P	OR (95% CI)
All	2.6 (0.3)
Gender		.302
Male	2.2 (0.4)		1.3 (0.8, 2.4)
Female	2.9 (0.4)		1.0 (Ref)
Age group, y		< .001
20–49	0.5 (0.1)		1.0 (Ref)
50–85	7.5 (0.8)		16.3 (10.5, 25.2)
Race/ethnicity		.146
Non-Hispanic White	2.3 (0.3)		1.0 (Ref)
Non-Hispanic Black	4.1 (0.7)		1.8 (1.1, 2.9)
Hispanic	2.7 (0.7)		1.2 (0.6, 2.1)
Other	4.8 (3.9)		2.1 (0.4, 10.7)
Educational attainment		< .001
< high school	9.5 (1.4)		9.1 (5.2, 15.9)
High school graduate	4.0 (0.8)		3.6 (2.0, 6.6)
≥ some college	1.1 (0.2)		1.0 (Ref)
Cigarette excise tax, $		.082
< 0.15	3.4 (0.6)		1.7 (1.1, 2.6)
0.15– < 0.25	2.4 (0.6)		1.2 (0.6, 2.2)
≥ 0.25	2.1 (0.4)		1.0 (Ref)
Cigarette sales (pack/person)b		.016
< 10.5	1.5 (0.4)		0.4 (0.2, 0.8)
10.5- < 12	2.7 (0.4)		0.8 (0.5, 1.3)
≥ 12	3.4 (0.6)		1.0 (Ref)
Serum cotinine concentration, ng/mL		.509
< 0.05	2.3 (0.4)		1.0 (Ref)
0.05– < 1.5	3.1 (0.7)		1.3 (0.7, 2.4)
≥ 1.5	3.0 (0.6)		1.3 (0.7, 2.2)

Note. CI = confidence interval; NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR = odds ratio. The sample size was n = 3137.

^aCenters for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology case classification for moderate or severe periodontitis defined as ≥ 2 interproximal sites with clinical attachment level ≥ 4 mm, not on the same tooth, or ≥ 2 interproximal sites with probing depth ≥ 5 mm, not on the same tooth.

^bOdds ratios are for each additional pack/person/month cigarette sales.