Figure 2.

The effect of insecticide resistance on immune-related gene expression. The cecropin B, gambicin, defensin, transferrin, and NO synthase gene expression were measured at their constitutive level (noninjected: NI), or after injection with Ringer or LPS in both isogenic line (A–E) and wild caught mosquitoes (F–J). Symbols represent the mean ± SE change in gene expression compared with the reference, that is, the expression level of insecticide susceptible mosquitoes from the noninjected treatment group. White circles and full lines: insecticide susceptible mosquitoes; gray squares and dashed line: metabolic-resistant mosquitoes; dark triangles and dotted lines: target-site-resistant mosquitoes.