TABLE 1—
Associations Between Individual SES, Neighborhood SES, and Individual Smoking Behavior: Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort, 2000–2002
| Variable | Model 1, Mean (SE) | Model 2, Mean (SE) | Model 3, Mean (SE) |
| Individual SES | |||
| Baseline | −0.184** (0.05) | NA | −0.123 (0.07) |
| Linear rate of change | −0.089** (0.02) | NA | −0.045 (0.03) |
| Neighborhood SES | |||
| Baseline | NA | −0.071 (0.04) | 0.051 (0.09) |
| Linear rate of change | NA | −0.019 (0.03) | 0.062 (0.04) |
| Individual SES* | |||
| Neighborhood SES | |||
| Baseline | NA | NA | −0.135 (0.10) |
| Linear rate of change | NA | NA | −0.097* (0.05) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Baseline | −0.209 (0.07) | −0.208 (0.08) | −0.197 (0.08) |
| Linear rate of change | −0.008 (0.023) | −0.009 (0.03) | −0.004 (0.03) |
| Geopolitical unit type | |||
| Baseline | −0.052 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.014 (0.04) |
| Linear rate of change | −0.015 (0.02) | −0.009 (0.03) | −0.004 (0.03) |
| Gender | |||
| Baseline | 0.019 (0.03) | 0.022** (0.03) | 0.020*** (0.03) |
| Linear rate of change | 0.004 (0.01) | 0.004 (0.02) | 0.006 (0.01) |
Note. NA = not available; SES = socioeconomic status. We generated estimates from multiple group, multiple cohort growth models adjusted for gender, ethnicity, and geopolitical unit type at baseline.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.