Table 4.
Sociodemographics | Total | Females Adjusted odds ratioa | Males |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 1.00 (reference) | N/A | N/A |
Female | 2.60 (2.49–2.72) | ||
Age | |||
40–44 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
45–49 | 1.57 (1.49–1.67) | 1.60 (1.50–1.70) | 1.33 (1.16–1.51) |
50–54 | 2.48 (2.34–2.62) | 2.25 (2.09–2.43) | 2.11 (1.85–2.40) |
55–59 | 3.45 (3.25–3.67) | 2.76 (2.52–3.04) | 3.36 (2.95–3.82) |
60–64 | 4.52 (4.25–4.82) | 3.33 (3.03–3.67) | 5.21 (4.56–5.95) |
65–70 | 6.19 (5.80–6.60) | 3.90 (3.54–4.31) | 8.19 (7.21–9.32) |
BMI | |||
<18.5 | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | 0.75 (0.67–0.83) | 0.77 (0.67–0.87) |
18.5–24.9 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
25–29.9 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
≥30 | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) |
Menopausal status | |||
Premenopausal | N/A | 1.00 (reference) | N/A |
Postmenopausal | 1.28 (1.20–1.37) | ||
Marital status | |||
Married | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | N/S |
Widowed | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | |
Separated/divorced | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | |
Never married | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | |
Education | |||
None/elementary | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Middle school | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) |
High school | 1.24 (1.17–1.32) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) |
College and higher | 1.54 (1.29–1.84) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) |
Occupation | |||
Housewife | N/A | 0.43 (0.32–0.57) | N/A |
Professional | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Clerical | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
Manual | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) |
Work status | |||
Working | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Retired | 1.71 (1.65–1.77) | 1.69 (1.62–1.77) | 1.62 (1.53–1.74) |
Family incomeb | |||
Level 1 | N/S | N/S | 1.00 (reference) |
Level 2 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | ||
Level 3 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | ||
Level 4 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | ||
Medical conditions | |||
Chronic disease | |||
Yes | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | N/S |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Pulmonary disease | |||
Yes | 1.09 (1.04–1.15)c | 1.13 (1.06–1.19)c | N/S |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Gastrointestinal disease | |||
Yes | 1.21 (1.18–1.26)c | 1.25 (1.20–1.30)c | N/S |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |
CVD or equivalent disease | |||
Yes | 1.17 (1.13–1.21)c | 1.24 (1.19–1.29)c | 1.07 (1.01–1.12) |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Behavioral factors | |||
Regular cigarette smoking | |||
Yes | 0.67 (0.64–0.70) | 0.70 (0.63–0.78) | 0.66 (0.63–0.70) |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Regular tea consumption | |||
Yes | N/S | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | N/S |
No | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Regular ginseng intake | |||
Yes | 1.41 (1.37–1.45) | 1.43 (1.38–1.48) | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
TV (hours/day) | |||
≤2 | N/A | 1.00 (reference) | N/A |
3–4 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | ||
>4 | 0.86 (0.81–0.90) | ||
Other physical exercises | |||
Yes | 1.89 (1.83–1.96) | 2.84 (2.71–2.97) | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) |
No | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) derived from separate multivariable model where chronic disease was replaced with subgroups of disease (pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and CVD) while fully adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and medical conditions.
Fully adjusted model for sociodemographics factors, health behaviors, and medical conditions with p-value ≤0.05.
Income levels correspond to annual family income for women (<10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–29,999, ≥30,000 Yuan) and monthly income for men (<500, 500–999, 1000–1999, >2000 Yuan) labeled income levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
BMI, body–mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; N/A, not available.