. 2013 Jun;19(6):550–557. doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0223

Table 4.

Independent Factors Associated with T'ai Chi Practice in Shanghai China

Sociodemographics	Total	Females Adjusted odds ratio^a	Males
Sex
Male	1.00 (reference)	N/A	N/A
Female	2.60 (2.49–2.72)
Age
40–44	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
45–49	1.57 (1.49–1.67)	1.60 (1.50–1.70)	1.33 (1.16–1.51)
50–54	2.48 (2.34–2.62)	2.25 (2.09–2.43)	2.11 (1.85–2.40)
55–59	3.45 (3.25–3.67)	2.76 (2.52–3.04)	3.36 (2.95–3.82)
60–64	4.52 (4.25–4.82)	3.33 (3.03–3.67)	5.21 (4.56–5.95)
65–70	6.19 (5.80–6.60)	3.90 (3.54–4.31)	8.19 (7.21–9.32)
BMI
<18.5	0.76 (0.70–0.82)	0.75 (0.67–0.83)	0.77 (0.67–0.87)
18.5–24.9	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
25–29.9	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	1.00 (0.97–1.04)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)
≥30	0.95 (0.89–1.01)	0.95 (0.88–1.02)	1.02 (0.88–1.17)
Menopausal status
Premenopausal	N/A	1.00 (reference)	N/A
Postmenopausal		1.28 (1.20–1.37)
Marital status
Married	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	N/S
Widowed	0.95 (0.89–1.00)	0.99 (0.93–1.06)
Separated/divorced	0.86 (0.77–0.96)	0.84 (0.75–0.94)
Never married	0.86 (0.73–1.02)	0.89 (0.72–1.09)
Education
None/elementary	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Middle school	1.03 (0.99–1.08)	0.92 (0.87–0.97)	1.09 (1.00–1.19)
High school	1.24 (1.17–1.32)	1.04 (0.98–1.11)	1.11 (1.01–1.22)
College and higher	1.54 (1.29–1.84)	1.14 (1.06–1.23)	1.24 (1.12–1.38)
Occupation
Housewife	N/A	0.43 (0.32–0.57)	N/A
Professional	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Clerical	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.91 (0.86–0.97)	1.04 (0.97–1.11)
Manual	0.91 (0.88–0.95)	0.93 (0.89–0.98)	0.90 (0.84–0.96)
Work status
Working	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Retired	1.71 (1.65–1.77)	1.69 (1.62–1.77)	1.62 (1.53–1.74)
Family income^b
Level 1	N/S	N/S	1.00 (reference)
Level 2			1.15 (1.05–1.26)
Level 3			1.04 (0.94–1.15)
Level 4			1.01 (0.89–1.14)
Medical conditions
Chronic disease
Yes	1.24 (1.20–1.28)	1.32 (1.27–1.37)	N/S
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Pulmonary disease
Yes	1.09 (1.04–1.15)^c	1.13 (1.06–1.19)^c	N/S
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Gastrointestinal disease
Yes	1.21 (1.18–1.26)^c	1.25 (1.20–1.30)^c	N/S
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
CVD or equivalent disease
Yes	1.17 (1.13–1.21)^c	1.24 (1.19–1.29)^c	1.07 (1.01–1.12)
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Behavioral factors
Regular cigarette smoking
Yes	0.67 (0.64–0.70)	0.70 (0.63–0.78)	0.66 (0.63–0.70)
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Regular tea consumption
Yes	N/S	1.08 (1.04–1.13)	N/S
No		1.00 (reference)
Regular ginseng intake
Yes	1.41 (1.37–1.45)	1.43 (1.38–1.48)	1.34 (1.27–1.41)
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
TV (hours/day)
≤2	N/A	1.00 (reference)	N/A
3–4		0.99 (0.95–1.03)
>4		0.86 (0.81–0.90)
Other physical exercises
Yes	1.89 (1.83–1.96)	2.84 (2.71–2.97)	1.11 (1.05–1.16)
No	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)

^{^a}

Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) derived from separate multivariable model where chronic disease was replaced with subgroups of disease (pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and CVD) while fully adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and medical conditions.

^{^b}

Fully adjusted model for sociodemographics factors, health behaviors, and medical conditions with p-value ≤0.05.

^{^c}

Income levels correspond to annual family income for women (<10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–29,999, ≥30,000 Yuan) and monthly income for men (<500, 500–999, 1000–1999, >2000 Yuan) labeled income levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

BMI, body–mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; N/A, not available.