Fig. 3.

CK01 administration has partial effects on ClockΔ19 depression-related behavior. (a) ClockΔ19 and wild-type (WT) mice were assessed for depression-related behavior using the forced swim test following CK01 and lithium treatment. Analysis by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the ClockΔ19 mice have decreased immobility time compared with the WT animals [main effect of genotype; F_(1,88) =21.39, P<0.001]. Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests showed that lithium treatment had previously reported antimanic effects on ClockΔ19 depression-related behavior by increasing the total immobility time (t=2.52, P<0.05). CK01 treatment had no detectable effect on either ClockΔ19 or WT immobile time. (b) Latency to immobility was assessed following CK01 and lithium treatment in ClockΔ19 and WT animals. ClockΔ19 mice had a significantly longer latency to immobility than WT animals by two-way ANOVA [main effect of genotype; F_(1,87) =6.30, P<0.02]. Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests revealed a significant effect of treatment with 17.8 mg/kg CK01 (t=2.82, P<0.05), 32.0 mg/kg CK01 (t =2.80, P<0.05), and lithium (t=3.40, P<0.01) treatment on latency to immobility in ClockΔ19 mice. WT animals were not significantly affected by treatment. LiCl, lithium chloride. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.