Table 3.
Description of variables in the year of 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008 (Percentage/means)
| Variables | Description | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare utilization |
|
|
|
|
|
| The probability of outpatient visit |
The probability of utilizing outpatient service in past two weeks |
8.09 |
9.13 |
7.93 |
8.46 |
| The probability of inpatient visit |
The probability of utilizing inpatient service in the past year |
3.33 |
3.07 |
3.37 |
6.16 |
| Healthcare need |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sex |
Male |
50.1 |
50.9 |
50.4 |
49.7 |
| |
Female* |
49.9 |
49.2 |
49.6 |
50.3 |
| Agea |
Age 15-34* |
49.9 |
46.6 |
37.5 |
31.0 |
| |
Age 35-44 |
20.2 |
19.4 |
21.5 |
22.7 |
| |
Age 45-54 |
12.3 |
15.1 |
19.7 |
19.2 |
| |
Age 55-64 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
10.9 |
15.0 |
| |
Age 65+ |
8.2 |
9.5 |
10.4 |
12.2 |
| Illness |
Ill in last two weeks |
12.7 |
13.8 |
14.9 |
18.4 |
| |
Not ill in last two weeks* |
87.3 |
86.2 |
85.1 |
81.6 |
| Chronic disease |
Chronic disease |
14.5 |
13.5 |
13.2 |
17.3 |
| |
No chronic disease* |
85.5 |
86.5 |
86.8 |
82.7 |
| Sick days |
Sick days in last two weeks |
8.5 |
8.7 |
7.9 |
8.5 |
| Confined-to-bed days |
Days staying in bed because of illness in last two weeks |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
| Off-work days |
Days off work or off school in last two weeks because of illness |
2.3 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
| Control variables |
|
|
|
|
|
| Smoking |
Smoke |
32.5 |
29.5 |
26.8 |
26.0 |
| |
Never smoke* |
67.5 |
70.5 |
73.2 |
74.0 |
| Drinking |
Drink alcohol |
18.9 |
16.2 |
15.7 |
13.1 |
| |
Never drink alcohol* |
81.1 |
83.8 |
84.3 |
86.9 |
| Marital status |
Unmarried* |
22.9 |
20.7 |
18.4 |
16.5 |
| |
Married |
70.6 |
72.6 |
74.8 |
75.3 |
| |
Divorced |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.2 |
| |
Widowed |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
7.0 |
| Education |
Illiterate* |
30.2 |
24.9 |
22.8 |
19.0 |
| |
Elementary school |
33.8 |
33.1 |
31.2 |
31.5 |
| |
Secondary school |
28.9 |
33.7 |
36.1 |
37.8 |
| |
High school |
6.8 |
7.7 |
8.9 |
10.2 |
| |
University |
0.4 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
1.5 |
| Employment |
Unemployment* |
0.4 |
7.0 |
4.0 |
12.9 |
| |
Farmer |
72.3 |
75.4 |
72.3 |
64.4 |
| |
Student |
4.7 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
7.2 |
| |
Other occupations |
22.7 |
12.2 |
17.5 |
15.5 |
| Region |
Eastern* |
31.6 |
31.0 |
31.2 |
31.0 |
| |
Central |
28.4 |
26.7 |
26.8 |
27.4 |
| |
Western |
40.0 |
42.3 |
42.0 |
41.6 |
| Health insurance |
Uninsured* |
82.7 |
87.5 |
87.5 |
6.5 |
| |
CMS/NCMS |
10.5 |
7.1 |
9.7 |
90.2 |
| |
Other health insurance |
6.8 |
5.4 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
| Outpatient price |
Median price of outpatient service (total expenses). Natural log of outpatient price is introduced in regression models. |
10 |
21 |
39 |
72 |
| Inpatient price |
Median price of inpatient service (total expenses). Natural log of inpatient price is introduced in regression models. |
345 |
980 |
1473 |
1977 |
| Income | Consumption expenditure per capita. Natural log of income is introduced in regression models. | 1335 | 1594 | 1786 | 3056 |
Note: * Reference groups. Per capita consumption expenditures in the year of 1998, 2003 and 2008 are deflated to the year of 1993 using consumer price index (CPI) at county level.