Table 1. Mean (±1 SE) soil characteristics under green, red and gray stage whitebark pine trees at Vipond Park in southwestern Montana.
| Infestation Stage | |||
| Green | Red | Gray | |
| Soil moisture (%) | |||
| Organic horizon | |||
| July 2010 | 37.43 (7.71) a * | 49.32 (11.48) b * | 45.82 (7.58) b * |
| August 2010 | 22.77 (10.39) a ** | 34.30 (13.73) b ** | 32.80 (14.79) b ** |
| September 2010 | 37.44 (9.22) a * | 44.93 (9.52) b * | 47.93 (12.80) b * |
| Mineral horizon | |||
| July 2010 | 26.77 (7.05) a * | 24.29 (3.03) a * | 27.34 (4.42) a * |
| August 2010 | 8.31 (6.67) a ** | 12.66 (4.85) ab ** | 15.05 (6.51) b ** |
| September 2010 | 19.93 (3.45) a *** | 24.22 (2.55) b * | 24.38 (4.41) b * |
| Bulk soil pH (0–15 cm) | 6.17 (0.22) a | 6.44 (0.21) a | 6.30 (0.19) a |
| Bulk soil C (%) | 7.43 (2.66) a | 8.48 (3.23) a | 9.72 (4.73) a |
| Bulk Soil N (%) | 0.34 (0.09) a | 0.38 (0.14) a | 0.41 (0.18) a |
| Bulk soil C:N | 21.25 (1.24) a | 22.51 (1.01) a | 23.32 (1.35) a |
Green stage represents unattacked trees, red stage, trees attacked within the last five years, and gray stage, trees attacked>five years ago. Lower case letters denote significant differences among stages (rows) and number of stars denotes significant differences among sampling dates (columns). Letters and stars denote significant differences at α = 0.05.