TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| Variables | All (N=3172) Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Demograpic and lifestyle | |
| Gender (male %, N) | 40 (1285) |
| Age | 40 (17) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32 (8) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 105 (19) |
| Education (y) | 12 (2) |
| Current smoker (%, N)* | 45 (1072) |
| Hypertension (%, N) | 34 (1078) |
| Diabetes (%, N) | 23 (724) |
| Nutrient Intake | |
| Fiber (g/1000kcal) | 7.6 (2.6) |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000kcal) | 130 (55) |
| Total energy intake (Kcal) | 2464 (1318) |
| Carbohydrate, % energy | 48 (9) |
| Total sugar (g) | 149 (91) |
| Total added sugar (g) | 90 (64) |
| Added sugar, % total sugar | 58 (15) |
| Total sugar, % energy | 25 (10) |
| Total added sugar, % energy | 15 (8) |
| Protein, % energy | 13 (3) |
| Total fat, % energy | 39 (7) |
| Saturated fat, % energy | 12 (2) |
| MUFA, % energy | 15 (3) |
| PUFA, % energy | 9 (2) |
| Trans fat, % energy | 1.6 (0.6) |
| (n-3) fatty acids, % energy | 0.9 (0.4) |
| (n-6) fatty acids, % energy | 7.6 (2.1) |
| Biomarkers | |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 114 (53) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 (15) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 98 (29) |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 130 (36) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)** | 141 |
| Insulin | 18.4 (20) |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) (N=1421) | 6.7 (2) |
1
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables.
2
Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, and/or taking blood pressure medication.
*
Available sample size = 2403.
**
Geometric mean (95% CI) is given for skewed variables. The arithmetic mean for triglyceride was 168, with a range of 28-5323 and a SD of 172. The arithmetic mean for urine albumin creatinine ratio was 90, with a range of 1-9756 and a SD of 547.