Table 3.
Effects of Covariate Adjustment on Personality Estimates
| Covariates Tested to Explain Personality Effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Predictor | HDRS Affective | Alcohol/Substance | Smoking | Hyper-Tension | Fasting Cholesterol |
| Fixed Effects | |||||
| Neuroticism | 0.59*** (0.17) | 0.62*** (0.16) | 0.62*** (0.16) | 0.61*** (0.16) | 0.50*** (0.17) |
| Extraversion | −0.15 (0.16) | −0.17 (0.17) | −0.16 (0.16) | −0.21 (0.16) | −0.21 (0.17) |
| Openness | −0.07 (0.18) | −0.07 (0.18) | −0.06 (0.18) | −0.09 (0.18) | 0.01 (0.19) |
| Agreeableness | −0.23 (0.18) | −0.19 (0.18) | −0.43 (0.18) | −0.19 (0.18) | −0.31 (0.18) |
| Conscientiousness | −0.43** (0.16) | −0.43** (0.16) | −0.43** (0.16) | −0.42** (0.16) | −0.49** (0.16) |
| Time: Years | 1.28*** (0.06) | 1.25*** (0.07) | 1.33*** (0.09) | 1.34*** (0.10) | 1.35*** (0.08) |
| Time: Years 2 | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) | −0.11* (0.05) |
| Time: Years 3 | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.06 (0.03) |
| Baseline Age (Years) | 0.13*** (0.02) | 0.13*** (0.02) | 0.13*** (0.02) | 0.12*** (0.02) | 0.12*** (0.02) |
| Education (Years) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.06) | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.09 (0.06) |
| Female Gender | −0.49 (0.28) | −0.42 (0.29) | −0.49 (0.28) | −0.48 (0.28) | −0.47 (0.28) |
| Agreeableness* Time | −0.18** (0.07) | −0.16* (0.07) | −0.19** (0.05) | −0.19** (0.05) | −0.17* (0.07) |
| HDRS Affective (Time varying) | 0.09 (0.07) | ||||
| HDRS Affective* Time | 0.03 (0.06) | ||||
| History of Alcohol/Substance Abuse/Dependence | 0.42 (0.33) | ||||
| History of Alcohol/Substance Abuse/Dependence* Time | 0.15 (0.11) | ||||
| Current Smoker | −.13 (0.51) | ||||
| Current Smoker* Time | −0.16 (0.19) | ||||
| Former Smoker | −0.01 (0.27) | ||||
| Former Smoker* Time | −0.08 (0.10) | ||||
| History of Hypertension | 1.02*** (0.28) | ||||
| History of Hypertension* Time | −0.08 (0.11) | ||||
| Fasting Cholesterol (Time Varying) | −0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Fasting Cholesterol* Time | −0.00 (0.00) | ||||
| Intercept (Average CIRS at Year 3) | 9.59*** (0.25) | 9.59*** (0.25) | 9.73*** (0.28) | 9.00*** (0.30) | 9.70*** (0.23) |
|
| |||||
| Random Effects | |||||
| Linear Time Variance | 0.50*** (0.06) | 0.50*** (0.06) | −0.51*** (0.07) | −0.50*** (0.07) | 0.50*** (0.08) |
|
| |||||
| Quadratic Time Variance | .08*** (0.02) | .08*** (0.02) | .08*** (0.03) | .08*** (0.03) | .08*** (0.03) |
|
| |||||
| Cubic Time Variance | .05*** (0.02) | −.05*** (0.02) | .05*** (0.02) | .05*** (0.02) | .05*** (0.02) |
|
| |||||
| Intercept Variance | 7.11*** (0.49) | 7.11*** (0.49) | 7.10*** (0.49) | 6.89*** (0.48) | 6.95*** (0.48) |
|
| |||||
| Residual Variance | .59*** (0.06) | .59*** (0.06) | .59*** (0.49) | 0.59*** (0.06) | .60*** (0.06) |
|
| |||||
| N | 1453 | 1453 | 1453 | 1453 | 1414 |
| AIC | 5710 | 5709 | 5715 | 5697 | 4856 |
| BIC | 5816 | 5815 | 5831 | 5803 | 4958 |
Notes. Entries are parameter estimates (change in CIRS scores per unit increase in predictor), beneath which standard errors are in parentheses. HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Personality traits and HDRS affective scores scaled by interquartile range, so that 1 unit corresponds to difference between a person at 75th v. 25th percentile.
*
p ≤ .05
**
p ≤ .01
***
p ≤ .001.
P-values are from z-statistics.