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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Oct 23;37(6):1162–1171. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008

A: Efficacy of Alpha2-Agonists for the Treatment of Tics in Trials Stratified by ADHD Comorbidity. Trials that required tic patients to have comorbid ADHD (SMD=0.68 (95%CI: 0.36–1.01), z=4.10, p<0.001) demonstrated a significantly greater effect (Test for subgroup differences α2=7.27, df=1, p=0.007) of alpha-2 agonists in reducing tic symptoms than trials that excluded subjects with comorbid ADHD (SMD=0.15 (95%CI: −0.06–0.36), z=1.40, p=0.16).

B: Meta-Regression of Alpha-2 Agonist Efficacy in Treating Tics versus Percent of Subjects with Comorbid ADHD in Trial. Meta-regression demonstrated that trials enrolling a larger proportion of subjects with comorbid ADHD reported a greater efficacy of alpha-2 agonists in treating tics. (α=0.0053 (95%CI: 0.0015–0.0091), z=−2.72, p=0.006).

A: Efficacy of Alpha2-Agonists for the Treatment of Tics in Trials Stratified by ADHD Comorbidity. Trials that required tic patients to have comorbid ADHD (SMD=0.68 (95%CI: 0.36–1.01), z=4.10, p<0.001) demonstrated a significantly greater effect (Test for subgroup differences α2=7.27, df=1, p=0.007) of alpha-2 agonists in reducing tic symptoms than trials that excluded subjects with comorbid ADHD (SMD=0.15 (95%CI: −0.06–0.36), z=1.40, p=0.16).

B: Meta-Regression of Alpha-2 Agonist Efficacy in Treating Tics versus Percent of Subjects with Comorbid ADHD in Trial. Meta-regression demonstrated that trials enrolling a larger proportion of subjects with comorbid ADHD reported a greater efficacy of alpha-2 agonists in treating tics. (α=0.0053 (95%CI: 0.0015–0.0091), z=−2.72, p=0.006).